On the eve of his appointment Kerensky had given a melodramatic performance at a Congress of Delegates from the Front. ‘I am sorry that I did not die two months ago,’ he pronounced with his hand placed solemnly on his heart, ‘for then I would have died with the greatest of dreams: that henceforth and forever a new life had dawned for Russia, when we could mutually respect each other and govern our state without whips or clubs.’ He appealed to the soldiers to place their ‘civic duty’ above their own narrow class interests and to strengthen their fighting resolve, since Russia’s liberty could only be gained ‘as a strong and organized state’ and this meant that ‘every citizen’ had to make a sacrifice for the nation. Under ‘the old and hated regime’ the soldiery had known how to fulfil their obligations, so why could they not do the same in the name of Freedom? ‘Or is it’, he asked in a phrase charged with meaning and emotion for the soldiers, ‘it it that the free Russian state is in fact a state of rebellious slaves?’9 There was uproar in the hall. For the soldiers, in their own self-image, had indeed been ‘slaves’ before Order Number One, and Kerensky now seemed to be asking whether they were worth their freedom, as ‘citizens’, if they were not prepared to go to war. The phrase ‘rebellious slaves’ echoed around the country for weeks. It did much to turn the soldiers against Kerensky. But for the patriotic and the propertied it was just the sort of appeal to discipline and duty that they had long been calling for, and they now rallied behind Kerensky and the idea of an offensive at the Front. It was almost as if they sensed that only a victory could save them now.
The liberal press now joined the right in a national chorus of howling headlines calling on the army to ‘Take the Offensive!’ The Kadet Party took up the national flag. No doubt they hoped that posing as patriots might reverse their alarming electoral decline. In the city Duma elections during May the Kadets had gained less than 20 per cent of the vote. No longer able to compete with the socialists for mass support, they sought to appeal to the middle classes by calling for the defence of the Fatherland and the restoration of order. Patriotism became the basis of their claim to be a party ‘above class’. The democratic intelligentsia, which had always been the main social base of the Kadets, largely followed them into the chauvinist camp. The League of Russian Culture, founded by a group of rightwing Kadets in the midst of this patriotic wave, called on all classes to unite behind the banner of Russia. Even Blok, who called himself a socialist, succumbed to the new mood of patriotism, while Gorky welcomed the offensive as a means of ‘bringing some organization to the country’. There was a growing feeling that ‘Russia’ should be put before everything else, even the revolution itself. ‘It is not Russia that exists for the revolution,’ Dmitry Merezhkovsky wrote, ‘but the revolution that exists for Russia.’ It was close to the notion of a national-bourgeois Russia advanced by Struve and the Vekhi group after 1905; and there was indeed a similar equation of the nation with its middle classes. Propertied patriots subscribed to the Liberty Loan, raised by the government to finance the offensive. N. V. Chaikovsky, President of the Free Economic Society, declared it ‘the duty of everyone to the Motherland, to his fellow citizens and the future of Russia, to give his savings for the great cause of freedom’.10
This new civic patriotism did not extend beyond the urban middle classes, although the leaders of the Provisional Government deluded themselves that it did. The visit of the Allied socialists — Albert Thomas from France, Emile Vandervelde from Belgium and Arthur Henderson from Britain — was a typical case in point. They had come to Russia to plead with ‘the people’ not to leave the war; yet very few people bothered to listen to them. Konstantin Paustovsky recalls Thomas speaking in vain from the balcony of the building that was later to become the Moscow Soviet. Thomas spoke in French and the small crowd that had gathered could not understand what he said. ‘But everything in his speech could be understood without words. Bobbing up and down on his bowed legs, Thomas showed us graphically what would happen to Russia if it left the war. He twirled his moustaches, like the Kaiser’s, narrowed his eyes rapaciously, and jumped up and down choking the throat of an imaginary Russia.’ For several minutes the Frenchman continued with this circus act, hurling the body of Russia to the ground and jumping up and down on it, until the crowd began to hiss and boo and laugh. Thomas mistook this for a sign of approval and saluted the crowd with his bowler hat. But the laughter and booing got louder: ‘Get that clown off!’ one worker cried. Then, at last, someone else appeared on the balcony and diplomatically led him inside.11
