Akhenaten полностью

Frontispiece Profile of Akhenatcn, early Amarna style, c. 1345 bce. Height 17 cm, width 19.0 em. Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College London, inv. UC 402.

AKHENATEN

History, fantasy and ancient Egypt

Dominic Montserrat

' * Frao^

London and New York

First published 2000 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016

Reprinted 2001

Transferred to Digital Printing 2005

Routledge is an imprint oj the Taylor & Francis Group

© 2000 Dominic Montserrat

Typeset in Baskerville by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Montserrat, Dominic, 1964— Akhenaten : history, fantasy, and ancient Egypt / Dominic Montserrat p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Akhenaten, King of Egypt. 2. Akhenaten, King of Egypt - Legends. 3.

Egypt - History - Eighteenth dynasty, ca. 1570 1320 B. C. 4. Pharaohs - Biography. I. Title

DT87.4 .M64 2000 932'.014'092 - dc21 99-059754

ISBN a-415-18549-1

CONTENTS

List of illustrations vi

Outline chronology viii

Acknowledgements x

Abbreviations and conventions xii

Akhenaten in the mirror 1

Histories of Akhenaten 12

The archaeologies of Amarna 55

Protestants, psychoanalysts and Fascists 95

Race and religion 114

Literary Akhenatens 139

Sexualities 168

Epilogue 183

Appendix 185

Notes 189

Bibliography 200

Index 213ILLUSTRATIONS

Plates

Frontispiece: Profile of Akhenalen, early Amarna style, c. 1345 bce ii

Colossus of Akhenaten from the south colonnade of the Gem-pa-

Aten temple at east Karnak 16

Boundary stela A at Tuna el-Gebel, defining the north-western boundary of Akhet-aten 20

Akhenaten, Nefertiti and one of their daughters make offerings

to the Aten 24

The mutilated face of the coffin from tomb 55 in the Valley of

the Kings 27

Faience inlays from pools at Amarna 43

Reconstruction of Akhet-aten from The Illustrated London .News,

15 September 1934, by D. Macpherson 58

Photograph of houses at Amarna, The Illustrated London News, 6

May 1922 77

John Pendlebury and Amarna 80-1

Amarna royal women advertise 'All Roads Lead to Egypt', The

Times, 26 January 1937 84

Cigarette cards of Akhenaten and Tiye issued by John Player

& Sons, 1912 86

1920s beaded evening bag, based on a scene of Akhenaten and Nefertiti distributing gold, from the tomb of Parennefer at

Amarna 87

Unidentified woman at an exhibition of Amarna objects in Manchester, 1931 88

The Mecca Social Club (formerly the Carlton Cinema), Essex

Road, London N1, 1929-30 89

Black Akhenaten and Mohammed 117

Joseph-Albert-Alfred Moindre (1888-1965), Moi'se, pharaons et divinites, 1940s 132

6.1 Clara Siemens, etchings of (a) Akhenaten, Nefertiti and theirdaughters, (b) Akhenaten and Nefertiti in the studio of Djehut-

mose, c. 1922 143 6.2 R. S. George, cover art to the English translation of Dmitri

Merezhkovsky's novel Akhnalon, c. 1927 158

Winifred Brunton (1880-1959), Smenkhkare, c. 1929 171

Limestone trial piece from Amarna with the heads of two rulers 174

Figures

The names of the Aten 15

Akhenaten and Nefertiti about to get into bed together 17

Akhenaten and Tiye offering to Re'-Harakhty 18

Map of ancient Akhet-aten and the area of modern Amarna 22

Akhenaten's parents Amunhotep III (in jW-festival costume) and

Tiye with daughters 32

A royal tutor with four naked princes in his lap, one of them possibly Akhenaten 35

Paintings from the so-called aviary in the north palace at Amarna 46

African and Asiatic enemies of Egypt, from the painted pave­ment in the 'House of Rejoicing of the Aten' 47

A Coptic saint painted over a relief of Akhenaten and Nefertiti offering to the Aten 51

Drawing of Anubis, from the tomb of Huya at Amarna, Roman period 56

Claude Sicard (1677-1726), sketch of boundary stela A 60

Young Moses reading to Pharaoh's daughter (and Akhenaten?) in an interior with themes taken from Amarna sculpture, from

Sunday Readings for the Young, c. 1894 65

English aristocrats alongside Amarna royals: cartoon by George Morrow from Punch, 28 February 1923 67