141. Roger Warner, Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America’s Clandestine War in Laos (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 1996), 254.
142. Quincy, Harvesting Pa Chay’s Wheat, 321.
143. Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Pack: The People, Politics and Espionage Intrigues That Shaped the DEA (Springfield, OR: TrineDay, 2009), 77; Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs (London: Verso, 2004), 421–22.
144. Leary, Perilous Missions, 81–82.
145. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 133–56, 196.
146. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, 720.
147. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, 708, 720; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 146.
148. FRUS, vol. 16, 893.
149. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 311; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 134–35.
150. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 131, 135. In addition, the U-2 incident occurred when Eisenhower was artificially isolated outside Washington as part of a rehearsal of “Doomsday” plans for response to a nuclear attack (James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency [New York: Doubleday, 2001], 49–53).
151. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, 1009; Kaiser, American Tragedy, 29–30; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 129–37.
152. The same motive was later attributed by CIA pilot Gary Powers to his ill-fated and unprecedented U-2 flight across the entire Soviet Union in 1960 (Scott, The War Conspiracy, 87, 112–13, 136).
153. Henrik Krüger, trans. Jerry Meldon, The Great Heroin Coup—Drugs, Intelligence, and International Fascism (Boston: South End Press, 1980), 16; cf. Alan A. Block, Masters of Paradise: Organized Crime and the Internal Revenue Service in the Bahamas (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), 169–70.
154. Charles J. V. Murphy, “Cuba: The Record Set Straight,” Fortune, September 1961, 94. Discussion in Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 136–37; Paul W. Blackstock, The Strategy of Subversion (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964), 250.
155. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 300.
156. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 40.
157. Alan A. Block and Constance A. Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire: Global Banking, Money Laundering, and International Organized Crime (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 39–44; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 61, 67. Castle’s parent bank, Mercantile Bank and Trust, was founded by Helliwell in 1962.
158. See chapter 10; see also John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America, and International Terrorism (London: Pluto, 1999), 81–161.
159. In addition, there are more than 4 million addicts in Iran, a country with a longer history of addiction.
160. Fineman, A Special Relationship, 147–60. Phao “used the CIA to his advantage, while the CIA exploited his willingness to perform operations that served US interests” (Surachart Bamrungsuk, United States Foreign Policy and Thai Military Rule, 1947–1977 [Bangkok: Editions Duang Kamol, 1988], 62).
161. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 105–6; Sterling Seagrave, Lords of the Rim: The Invisible Empire of the Oversea Chinese (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995), chap. 10.
162. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 162.
163. Bamrungsuk, United States Foreign Policy and Thai Military Rule, 1947–1977, 63.
164. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 156.
165. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 157.
166. Catherine Lamour and Michel R. Lamberti, Les grandes manoeuvres de l’opium (Paris: Seuil, 1972), 108–11.
167. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 305.
Chapter 5: Laos
