4. Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 7–9.
5. Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Holt, 1919).
6. Henry Kissinger, in Colin S. Gray and G. R. Sloan. Geopolitics, Geography, and Strategy (Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1999).
7. For the events leading to the displacement of Kissinger, see Scott, The Road to 9/11, 50–54.
8. Le Nouvel Observateur, January 15–21, 1998. In his relentless determination to weaken the Soviet Union, Brzezinski also persuaded Carter to end U.S. sanctions against Pakistan for its pursuit of nuclear weapons (David Armstrong and Joseph J. Trento, America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise [Hanover, NH: Steerforth, 2007]). Thus, Brzezinski’s obsession with the Soviet Union helped produce, as unintended by-products, both al-Qaeda and the Islamic atomic arsenal.
9. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997), xiii, 30, 40.
10. Memorandum of February 18, 1992, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukev
ault/ebb245/index.htm.
11. For specific parallels to The Grand Chessboard, see Scott, The Road to 9/11, 191–92.
12. “Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-Spectrum Dominance,” DefenseLink, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289, emphasis added.
13. Brzezinski was so unafraid of Islamic jihadism that, when national security adviser, he convened a working group to deliberately stir up Muslim dissatisfaction inside the Soviet Union (Scott, The Road to 9/11, 70–71).
14. He has since taken credit for persuading President Aliyyev of Azerbaijan to commit to the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Geopolitically Speaking: Russia’s ‘Sphere of Influence’—Chechnya and Beyond,” Azerbaijan International, Spring 2000, 24, http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/81
_folder/81_articles/81_brzezinski.html). This pipeline, a favor to U.S. and British oil companies, makes geopolitical but not economic sense and is further destabilizing an already tense region. See Pepe Escobar, “Liquid War across Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific: Postcard from Pipelineistan,” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, http://japanfocus.org/-Pepe-Escobar/3149.
15. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 70–79.
16. Dana Milbank and Justin Blum, “Document Says Oil Chiefs Met with Cheney Task Force,” Washington Post, November 16, 2005. This story noted that chief executive officers of three majors had falsely denied this: “A White House document shows that executives from big oil companies met with Vice President Cheney’s energy task force in 2001—something long suspected by environmentalists but denied as recently as last week by industry officials testifying before Congress. . . . In a joint hearing last week of the Senate Energy and Commerce committees, the chief executives of Exxon Mobil Corp., Chevron Corp. and ConocoPhillips said their firms did not participate in the 2001 task force. The president of Shell Oil said his company did not participate ‘to my knowledge,’ and the chief of BP America Inc. said he did not know. Chevron was not named in the White House document, but the Government Accountability Office has found that Chevron was one of several companies that ‘gave detailed energy policy recommendations’ to the task force.”
17. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 188–89, citing Linda McQuaig, “Crude Dudes,” Toronto Star, September 20, 2004; Jane Mayer, “Contract Sport,” New Yorker, February 16–23, 2004.
18. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 189; “Strategy Energy Policy: Challenges for the 21st Century,” report of the James A. Baker Institute of Public Policy and Council on Foreign Relations Task Force, 40, emphasis added.
19. Seymour M. Hersh, “Selective Intelligence: Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are They Reliable?” New Yorker, May 6, 2003.
20. Michael Massing, “Now They Tell Us,” New York Review of Books, February 26, 2004, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16922.
21. Peter Bergen, “Armchair Provocateur—Laurie Mylroie: The Neocons’ Favorite Conspiracy Theorist,” Washington Monthly, December 2003, http://www.washing
tonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.bergen.html.
