Anglo-American Establishment полностью

largely a Milner Group measure in conception, formation, and execution. The influence

of the two groups is not readily apparent from the lists of Governors-general (Viceroys)

and Secretaries of State for India in the twentieth century:

Viceroys

Lord Curzon, 1898-1905

Lord Minto, 1905-1910

Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, 1910-1916

Lord Chelmsford, 1916-1921

Lord Reading, 1921-1926

Lord Irwin, 1926-1931

Lord Willingdon, 1931-1936

Lord Linlithgow, 1936-1943

Secretaries of State

Lord George Hamilton, 1895-1903

St. John Brodrick, 1903-1908

John Morley, 1908-1910

Lord Crewe, 1910-1915

Austen Chamberlain, 1915-1917

Edward Montagu, 1917-1922

Lord Peel, 1922-1924

Lord Olivier, 1924

Lord Birkenhead, 1924-1928

Lord Peel, 1928-1929

Wedgwood Benn, 1929-1931

Samuel Hoare, 1931-1935

Lord Zetland, 1935-1940

Leopold Amery, 1940-1945

Of the Viceroys only one (Reading) is clearly of neither the Cecil Bloc nor the Milner

Group; two were members of the Milner Group (Irwin and Willingdon); another was a

member of both groups (Chelmsford); the rest were of the Cecil Bloc, although in two

cases (Minto and Linlithgow) in a rather peripheral fashion. Three of the eight were

members of All Souls. According to Lord Esher, the appointment of Lord Hardinge in

1910 was made at his suggestion, by John Morley. At the time, Esher's son, the present

Viscount Esher, was acting as unpaid private secretary to Morley, a position he held for

five years (1905-1910). From the same source we learn that the Viceroyship was offered

to Selborne in 1903 and to Esher himself in 1908. The former failed of appointment

because Curzon refused to retire, while the latter rejected the post as of too limited

influence.

Of the thirteen Secretaries of State, two were Labour and two Liberals. One of these

latter (Morley) was close to the Milner Group. Of the other nine, three were of the Cecil

Bloc (St. John Brodrick, Austen Chamberlain, and Lord Zetland), two were of the Milner

Group (Hoare and Amery), and four were of neither group.

The political and constitutional history of India in the twentieth century consists

largely of a series of investigations by various committees and commissions, and a

second, and shorter, series of legislative enactments. The influence of the Milner Group

can be discerned in both of these, especially in regard to the former.

Of the important commissions that investigated Indian constitutional questions in the

twentieth century, every one has had a member of the inner circle of the Milner Group.

The following list gives the name of the commission, the dates of its existence, the

number of British members (in distinction from Indian members), the names of

representatives from the Cecil Bloc and Milner Group (with the latter italicized), and the

command number of its report:

1. The Royal Commission on Decentralization in India, 1907-1909, five members

including W. L. Hichens (Cmd. 4360- of 1908).

2. The Royal Commission on Public Services in India, 1912-1915, nine members

including Baron Islington, the Earl of Ronaldshay (later Marquess of Zetland), Sir

Valentine Chirol, and H. A. L. Fisher. The chairman of this commission, Lord Islington,

was later father-in-law to Sir Edward Grigg (Lord Altrincham) (Cmd. 8382 of 1916).

3. The Government of India Constitutional Reform Committee on Franchise, 1919,

four members, including Malcolm Hailey.

4. The Government of India Constitutional Reform Committee on

Functions, 1919, four members, including Richard Feetham as chairman.

5. The Joint Select Committee on the Government of India Bill, 1919, fourteen

members, including Lord Selborne (chairman), Lord Midleton (St. John Brodrick), Lord

Islington, Sir Henry Craik (whose son was in Milner's Kindergarten), and W. G. A.

Ormsby-Gore (now Lord Harlech) (Cmd. 97 of 1919).

6. The Committee on Home Administration of Indian Affairs, 1919, eight members,

including W. G. A. Ormsby-Gore (Lord Harlech) (Cmd. 207 of 1919).

7. The Royal Commission on Superior Civil Services in India, 1923-1924, five

members, including Lord Lee of Fareham as chairman and Reginald Coupland (Cmd.

2128 of 1924).

8. The Indian Statutory Commission, 1927-1930, seven members, with Sir John Simon

as chairman (Cmd. 3568 and 3569 of 1930).

9. The Indian Franchise Committee, 1931-1932, eight members, including Lord

Lothian as chairman and Lord Dufferin (whose brother, Lord Basil Blackwood, had been

in Milner's Kindergarten) (Cmd. 4086 of 1932).

10. The three Indian Round Table Conferences of 1930-1932 contained a number of

members of the Milner Croup. The first session (November 1930-January 1931) had

eighty-nine delegates, sixteen from Britain, sixteen from the Indian States, and fifty-

seven from British India. Formed as they were by a Labour government, the first two

sessions had eight Labour members among the sixteen from Britain. The other eight were