Anglo-American Establishment полностью

close to Milner and later was very useful in providing practical experience for various

members of the Milner Group. His son, the future fifth Earl Grey, married the daughter of

the second Earl of Selborne, a member of the Milner Group.

During the period in which Milner was working with the Pall Mall Gazette he became

associated with three persons of some importance later. One of these was Edward T.

Cook (later Sir Edward, 1857-1919), who became a member of the Toynbee-Milner

circle in 1879 while still an undergraduate at New College. Milner had become a Fellow

of New College in 1878 and held the appointment until he was elected Chancellor of the

University in 1925. With Edward Cook he began a practice which he was to repeat many

times in his life later. That is, as Fellow of New College, he became familiar with

undergraduates whom he later placed in positions of opportunity and responsibility to test

their abilities. Cook was made secretary of the London Society for the Extension of

University Teaching (1882) and invited to contribute to the Pall Mall Gazette. He

succeeded Milner as assistant editor to Stead in 1885 and succeeded Stead as editor in

1890. He resigned as editor in 1892, when Waldorf Astor bought the Gazette, and

founded the new Westminister Gazette, of which he was editor for three years (1893-

1896). Subsequently editor of the Daily News for five years (1896-1901), he lost this post

because of the proprietors' objections to his unqualified support of Rhodes, Milner, and

the Boer War. During the rest of his life (1901-1919) he was leader-writer for the Daily

Chronicle, edited Ruskin's works in thirty-eight volumes, wrote the standard biography of

Ruskin and a life of John Delane, the great editor of The Times.

Also associated with Milner in this period was Edmund Garrett (1865-1907), who was

Stead's and Cook's assistant on the Pall Mall Gazette for several years (1887-1892) and

went with Cook to the Westminister Gazette (1893-1895). In 1889 he was sent by Stead

to South Africa for his health and became a great friend of Cecil Rhodes. He wrote a

series of articles for the Gazette, which were published in book form in 1891 as In

Afrikanderland and the Land of Ophir. He returned to South Africa in 1895 as editor of

the Cape Times, the most important English-language paper in South Africa. Both as

editor

(1895-1900) and later as a member of the Cape Parliament (1898-1902), he strongly

supported Rhodes and Milner and warmly advocated a union of all South Africa. His

health broke down completely in 1900, but he wrote a character analysis of Rhodes for

the Contemporary Review (June 1902) and a chapter called "Rhodes and Milner" for The

Empire and the Century (1905). Edward Cook wrote a full biography of Garrett in 1909,

while Milner wrote Carrett's sketch in the Dictionary of National Biography, pointing out

"as his chief title to remembrance" his advocacy "of a United South Africa absolutely

autonomous in its own affairs but remaining part of the British Empire. "

During the period in which he was assistant editor of the Gazette, Milner had as

roommate Henry Birchenough (later Sir Henry, 1853-1937). Birchenough went into the

silk-manufacturing business, but his chief opportunities for fame came from his contacts

with Milner. In 1903 he was made special British Trade Commissioner to South Africa,

in 1906 a member of the Royal Commission on Shipping Rings (a controversial South

African subject), in 1905 a director of the British South Africa Company (president in

1925), and in 1920 a trustee of the Beit Fund. During the First World War, he was a

member of various governmental committees concerned with subjects in which Milner

was especially interested. He was chairman of the Board of Trade's Committee on

Textiles after the war; chairman of the Royal Commission of Paper; chairman of the

Committee on Cotton Growing in the Empire; and chairman of the Advisory Council to

the Ministry of Reconstruction.

In 1885, as a result of his contact with such famous Liberals as Coschen, Morley, and

Stead, and at the direct invitation of Michael Glazebrook, Milner stood for Parliament but

was defeated. In the following year he supported the Unionists in the critical election on

Home Rule for Ireland and acted as head of the "Literature Committee" of the new party.

Goschen made him his private secretary when he became Chancellor of the Exchequer in

Lord Salisbury's government in 1887. The two men were similar in many ways: both had

been educated in Germany, and both had mathematical minds. It was Goschen's influence

which gave Milner the opportunity to form the Milner Group, because it was Goschen

who introduced him to the Cecil Bloc. While Milner was Goschen's private secretary, his