Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire полностью

and Central Asian countries, 173, 205

and compatriot policies, 16, 37–38, 57, 64, 69, 75–80, 83–84, 86–88, 91–93

and Georgia, 6, 98, 117, 119, 125

and imperialism, 4, 7, 9, 14–15, 21–22, 25–26

and information warfare, 46–50

and Kazakhstan, 185, 188

and Moldova, 132

and passportization, 42

and protection, 52

and soft power, 31–32

and Turkmenistan, 198–99

and Ukraine, 102, 108, 110, 118, 127, 129

Rahmon, Emomali, 177, 209

Reagan, Ronald, 13, 59

reimperialization. See Russian reimperialization policy trajectory

resettlement program, 197, 231–32

responsibility to protect, 130

Riga, 137, 158, 236

Rogozin, Dmitry, 46–47

Romania, 59, 108–9, 131

Romanian language, 99

Romanov, Vladimir, 150

Romanov Empire, 4–5, 12, 14, 26, 108

Rosatomprom, 185–86

Rossotrudnichestvo. See International Humanitarian Cooperation

RusAl, 191

Rus’ patriotic movement, 206

Russia House, 27, 39, 84

Russian Citizenship Law, 43, 119

Russian culture, 29–31, 49, 62, 65, 80, 87, 90

in Armenia, 216

in Baltic States, 149–50

in Belarus, 213, 215

in Kazakhstan, 205

in Kyrgyzstan, 195, 201

Russian diaspora. See Russian minorities

Russian Empire, 4–5, 12, 99–101, 106, 146, 174, 212, 250

Russian gas exports, 19, 109

Russian language, 2, 79–80, 86

in Armenia, 216, 227

in Baltic states, 155, 163, 165, 255

in Belarus, 225

Federal Target Program, 79, 87

in Georgia, 116

in Kazakhstan, 189–90

in Moldova, 117

in Ukraine, 122

Russian media, 30, 45, 48, 86, 111–12, 122–24, 163, 165, 201–3, 218, 233, 255

Russian minorities, 37, 245, 252

in Armenia, 211, 215–16

in Belarus, 215

in Estonia, 138

in Georgia, 98–99

in Kazakhstan, 178

in Kyrgyzstan, 178

in Latvia, 138

in Lithuania, 161

in Moldova, 99–100

in Tajikistan, 178

in Turkmenistan, 178

in Ukraine, 100–101

in Uzbekistan, 178

Russian National Security Concept, 44, 76, 78, 88, 91

Russian Orthodox Church, 149, 159, 190, 225, 227, 254

Russian propaganda, 36, 44–49, 53, 85, 145, 243, 255–56

in Armenia, 235

in Baltic States, 162–66

in Belarus, 219, 233, 236

in Georgia, 124, 129

in Kazakhstan, 208

in Kyrgyzstan, 201, 203

in Moldova, 124

special propaganda, 45–46

in Ukraine 39, 123, 128

Russian reimperialization policy trajectory, 9–12, 26, 56, 172, 242

Russian Senate, 9

Russian soft power, 9–10, 26–27, 29–33, 37, 43, 60–61, 84, 87, 240, 254

in Armenia, 226–29

in Belarus, 225–26, 238

in Estonia, 148–51

in Georgia, 113–15

in Kazakhstan, 189, 191–92

in Kyrgyzstan, 189–91

in Latvia, 148–51

in Lithuania, 148–51

in Moldova, 112–13

in Tajikistan, 189

in Turkmenistan, 189–90

in Ukraine, 111–12

in Uzbekistan, 189–90

Russian World, 52, 155, 195

Russia’s Foreign Policy Concept of 2000, 61, 87

Russification, 61

in Armenia, 214

in Baltic states, 138, 146, 161

in Belarus, 212–13, 225, 230, 248

in Central Asia, 178

in Moldova, 99–100

in Soviet Union, 5

in Tsarist Russia, 5

in Ukraine, 100–101

Russkiy Dom. See Russia House

Russkiy Mir. See Russian World

Russkiy Mir Foundation, 27, 31–32, 39, 49, 84, 148–49, 154, 160, 194–95, 203, 227, 229

Russo-Georgian war, 3, 15, 21, 28, 47, 51–53, 84, 88, 93, 98, 117, 130, 199, 242

Russo-Ukrainian war, 88, 127–29

Saakashvili, Mikheil, 90, 130

Sargsyan, Serzh, 228

Sargsyan, Tigran, 231–32

Savisaar, Edgar, 156

Second World War, 35, 45, 50, 58, 62, 84, 112, 137, 163, 226

separatism, 27, 42, 56, 253

in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, 95, 119

in Armenia, 234

in Crimea, 6, 111

in Estonia, 169

in Gaugazia, 100, 131–32

in Kazakhstan, 10, 195, 206–10

in Latvia, 159

in Transnistria, 121

in Ukraine, 39, 54, 73, 102, 110, 238

Serbia, 59

Sevastopol, 110, 120–21, 126–27, 193, 236

shale gas, 109

Shevel, Oxana, 90

Snyder, Timothy, 62

soft power, 255

definition of, 29. See also Russian soft power

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 188

South Ossetia, 28, 42, 52, 98, 107, 134, 244, 252, 254

compatriot policies, 88, 116

information warfare, 124–25

passportization, 43, 83, 120

peacekeeping in, 115, 130

protection, 131

soft power, 113

Soviet Comintern, 40

Soviet empire, 5, 14, 60, 62, 97, 251

Soviet occupation, 49, 137, 146, 152, 162–63

Soviet troops, 6

in Baltic States, 66, 152

in Moldova, 97, 126, 131, 242

in Nagorno-Karabakh, 214

in Tajikistan, 186

Soviet Union, 8, 14–15, 30

and Armenia, 214

and Baltic States, 148, 163, 168

and Belarus, 230

and compatriot policies, 2, 41, 43, 53, 57–58, 60–65, 74, 77–78, 83–86, 89, 93

empire, 4, 12, 26, 60, 106, 108

and Kazakhstan, 174, 192

and Transnistria, 99, 121

Soyuz camps, 155, 196, 209

spetspropaganda. See Russian propaganda: special propaganda

Stalin, Joseph, 16, 31, 59

ethnic policies of, 5, 22, 61–63, 74, 76, 99, 101

Stalinism, 49–50, 100

Stankevich, Sergei, 66–69

strategiceskaja maskirovka. See strategic masking

strategic masking, 46

Tajik civil war (1992–97), 186, 192, 198

Tajikistan, 23, 172, 208–10, 221, 247

compatriot policies, 193, 196–98

history of, 176–78

humanitarian policies, 192–93

information warfare, 202

passportization, 41, 73, 198

protection, 206

and Russian interests, 185–86, 188

Russian speakers, 182–83

soft power, 189

Tengizchevroil, 191

Tengiz oil field, 191

Tolz, Vera, 63–64

Tomaševski, Valdemar, 162

Transneft, 187, 191