If the bone pokes out of the skin, it is
called a compound fracture. How
quickly the bone heals depends on the
patient’s age. As people get older it takes
longer for broken bones to heal.
#More to explore
Blood • Mineral • Skeletal System
An inside view of an arm bone shows that it
is made of two different types of bone. The
outside edges are compact bone, and the
inside part is spongy bone.
A broken bone is considered a simple fracture
if it stays beneath the skin. It is a compound
fracture if it breaks through the skin.
106 Bone BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
Bonn
Population
(2006 estimate)
312,818
Bonn is a city in Germany, a country of
central Europe. Germany was divided
into two countries from 1949 to 1990.
During that period Bonn was the capital
ofWest Germany. The city is famous as
the birthplace of the composer Ludwig
van Beethoven. It also has many beautiful
parks. Bonn lies along the Rhine
River.
Many people in Bonn work in government
offices or for the University of
Bonn. The city is also a transportation
center. Bonn has few factories.
Bonn began as a village more than
2,000 years ago. The Romans later
settled the site. They lost control of the
area in about the 400s. Bonn survived
as in independent village for many
years. Later it was the capital of local
rulers. In the 1800s it became a city in
Germany.
The city was damaged by bombs during
WorldWar II (1939–45). After the war
Bonn became the capital ofWest Germany.
West and East Germany were
combined in 1990. Berlin then became
Germany’s capital. But some government
offices remained in Bonn.
..More to explore
Germany
Bonobo
The bonobo, along with the chimpanzee,
is the closest living relative to
humans. It is an ape related to the gorilla
and the orangutan, as well as the chimpanzee.
All these animals are called great
apes because they are large and very
intelligent. Bonobos and other great
apes belong to the larger group of mammals
called the primates. The primates
also include other apes, humans, and
monkeys.
Bonobos can be found in only one area
of the world. They live in rain forests in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
a country in Africa. They are highly
endangered, or at risk of dying out completely.
Humans have hunted them and
destroyed much of their habitat.
A statue in Bonn honors Ludwig van
Beethoven. The composer was born in the
city.
Scientists once
thought that
bonobos were
a type of
chimpanzee.
In 1933 they
decided the
two were
separate
species.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Bonobo 107
Bonobos look very similar to
chimpanzees. They have black hair.
Adult male bonobos are larger than the
females. Adult males may be almost 4
feet (1.2 meters) tall. They may weigh
as much as 134 pounds (61 kilograms).
Bonobos do not have a tail, but they
have a tuft of white fur where a tail
would be.
Bonobos eat mostly fruits. Sometimes
they eat leaves and seeds. In rare cases
bonobos will also eat small animals, such
as bats. They spend the day feeding in
trees, resting, and traveling on the
ground to other trees. They also can
swing from tree branch to tree branch
with their arms. Bonobos build leafy
beds in trees to sleep in at night.
#More to explore
Ape • Chimpanzee • Endangered Species
• Primate
Book and
Bookmaking
A book is a printed work that is meant
to communicate. To communicate is to
share ideas or information. A book is
made up of pages that are usually
enclosed in a protective cover. People
have written books about all kinds of
subjects. Among the countless types of
books are novels, picture books, cookbooks,
how-to books, poetry books, and
textbooks.
From Manuscript to Pages
The first step in creating a book is for an
author to write a manuscript. A manuscript
is a book before it has been published.
The author finds a publisher, or a
company that makes and sells books.
Editors at the publishing company help
the author improve the manuscript.
They make sure that the ideas are complete,
that the writing is clear, and that
there are no errors.
Then the manuscript goes to a designer.
This person arranges the text and pic-
Bonobos live in rain forests. They
often feed and even sleep in the
trees.
A bookshop in Italy displays many different
books in its windows.
108 Book and Bookmaking BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
tures on the pages so that the book looks
nice and is easy to read. A designer also
creates the cover.
Editors and designers continue working
on the pages until they are perfect. Most
of this work is done on computers. The
designed book is stored in computer
files.
Printing Books
Next, the computer files are used to create
printing plates. Printing plates are
sheets of metal or plastic that have the
book’s text and pictures on them. Printing
plates are put on printing presses
and used to print the book.
Most book pages are printed on long
rolls of paper. After printing, the paper is
folded, cut, and arranged into bundles of
pages called signatures. The signatures
are sewn and glued together along the
folded edges. Finally, the book cover is
glued to the signatures. Books can have
either a hard cover or a soft cover.
History
The earliest forms of bookmaking date
