and Manitoba.
The Chipewyan traveled in small bands
and followed the caribou’s migrations.
Caribou were their main source of food.
They also made clothing, tents, and nets
from caribou skins. The Chipewyan did
not farm but gathered food from plants
that were growing wild.
Following the arrival of European fur
traders in the late 1600s, the Chipewyan
began to hunt for fur animals to
exchange for European goods. The
Europeans also introduced the
Chipewyan to new diseases such as
Dancers in a Chinese New Year parade
carry a bright and festive dragon.
The
Chipewyan
religion
included belief
in dreams,
visions, and
guardian
spirits.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Chipewyan 105
smallpox. In 1781 an epidemic of smallpox
killed most of the Chipewyan population.
The Chipewyan were further hurt by the
decline of the fur trade in the 1800s.
They eventually surrendered much of
their land to the Canadian government
and settled onto several small reserves in
Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and
the Northwest Territories. By the end of
the 20th century, there were about
5,000 Chipewyan living in Canada.
#More to explore
Americas, Exploration and Settlement of
the • Native Americans
Chipmunk
Chipmunks are rodents that are closely
related to squirrels. They look like squirrels
but are smaller. Plus, chipmunks
have stripes on their back, while squirrels
do not.
There are 25 species, or types, of chipmunk.
All species live in North America
except for the Asiatic chipmunk. It is
found in northern Asia and eastern
Europe. Chipmunks live in many places,
including woodlands, mountains, and
plains.
Chipmunks are small. The eastern chipmunk
is 5.5 to 7.5 inches (14 to 19 centimeters)
long. Its bushy tail is more
than half as long as its body. It weighs
only about 2.5 to 5 ounces (71 to 142
grams). The western and Asiatic chipmunks
are even smaller.
Chipmunks have different colors and
stripes. The eastern chipmunk is reddish
brown. It has five dark stripes on its
back. Between the dark stripes are two
brown and two white stripes. The gray
western chipmunk has five dark stripes
and four light stripes.
Most chipmunks are good tree climbers
and swimmers. They eat nuts, seeds,
wild fruits, and berries. Inside their
cheeks are pouches. Chipmunks stuff
these pouches with food to carry home.
A photograph from the 1920s
shows a group of Chipewyan in
front of a tepee.
The reddish brown eastern chipmunk lives
in the forests of eastern North America.
106 Chipmunk BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
Each chipmunk has its own burrow, or
hole. It contains at least two rooms. One
is a storeroom for nuts. The other is a
leaf-lined nest. Chipmunks sleep during
most of the winter.
..More to explore
Rodent • Squirrel
Chippewa
..see Ojibwa.
Chisinau
Population
(2006 estimate)
593,800
Chisinau is the capital of Moldova, a
country in eastern Europe. It is Moldova’s
largest city and cultural center. The
city lies on the Bac River.
The industries in Chisinau are very
important to Moldova’s economy. Factories
in the city make machinery, electrical
appliances, processed foods, and
clothing. Chisinau is also the country’s
center of trade, banking, and communications.
Several different powers have controlled
Chisinau during its history. In the 1400s
it was part of a region that is now mostly
in Romania. Troops of the Turkish Ottoman
Empire captured the city in the
1500s.
Russia took over the Moldova region in
1812. After that Chisinau was known by
its Russian name, Kishinyov. Romania
ruled the city in the early 1900s. The
Soviet Union took control of Kishinyov
in the 1940s.
DuringWorldWar II (1939–45) many
Jews in Kishinyov were killed. German
forces also badly damaged the city. The
city was rebuilt after the war.
Moldova became an independent country
in 1991. The city’s name was
changed back to Chisinau. It was made
the new country’s capital.
..More to explore
Moldova
A park in Chisinau, Moldova,
was built to honor Moldovan
soldiers who fought in World
War I.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Chisinau 107
Chocolate
Chocolate is a food and a flavoring that
is popular throughout the world. Many
candies, baked goods, and drinks contain
chocolate.
How Chocolate Is Made
Chocolate begins with the seeds of the
cacao tree. The cacao tree grows in
warm areas of North and South
America, Africa, and Asia. The seeds
form in long, cucumber-shaped fruits
called pods. When the pods are ripe,
workers cut them from the tree and
remove the seeds. The seeds sit for
several days before being dried, either
by the sun or in an oven. The dry
seeds, called cocoa beans, are then
shipped to processing plants or
chocolate factories.
At the plant or factory, workers roast the
beans in giant ovens to bring out their
flavor. Machines then remove the hard
skin surrounding the beans. Next,
machines grind the beans into a paste,
called chocolate liquor. Chocolate liquor
is made up of chocolate solids and a
kind of fat called cocoa butter.
A dry powder called cocoa can be made
by pressing some of the cocoa butter out
of the chocolate liquor. Cocoa powder is
sold unsweetened for use in baking and
as a flavoring ingredient. It may also be
