Egypt became a province of the Roman
Empire.
#More to explore
Augustus • Caesar, Julius • Egypt,
Ancient
Cleveland,
Grover
Elected in 1884 and again in 1892,
Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd
and the 24th president of the United
States. Cleveland was the only president
ever to be reelected after a defeat.
Early Life
Stephen Grover Cleveland was born in
Caldwell, New Jersey, on March 18,
1837. He was the son of Richard Falley
Cleveland, a Presbyterian minister, and
Ann Neal. Grover grew up in New Jersey
and later in New York State. After
his father died in 1853, Cleveland supported
his mother and sisters. In Buffalo,
New York, Cleveland worked in a
law firm. In 1859 he became a lawyer.
Political Career
Cleveland soon joined the Democratic
Party. In 1863 he became the assistant
district attorney for Erie County, New
March 18, June 24,
1837 1882 1884 1888 1892 1897 1908
Cleveland is
born in
Caldwell, New
Jersey.
Cleveland is
elected
governor of
New York.
Cleveland is
elected
president.
Cleveland loses
the presidential
election to
Benjamin
Harrison.
Cleveland
defeats
Harrison to win
a second term
as president.
Cleveland
retires.
Cleveland dies
in Princeton,
New Jersey.
T I M E L I N E
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Cleveland, Grover 135
York. From 1870 to 1873 he served as
county sheriff. In 1881 he was elected
mayor of Buffalo. He became known for
attacking dishonesty in city government.
A year later Cleveland was elected governor
of New York.
In 1884 the Democrats nominated
Cleveland for the presidency.With his
reputation for honesty, Cleveland contrasted
sharply with his Republican
opponent, James G. Blaine, who was
known for political scandals. Cleveland
defeated Blaine in a close election.
First Term
President Cleveland fought corruption
and wastefulness. He hired government
employees based on their ability, not
their political loyalties. He also rejected
dishonest claims for pensions made by
CivilWar veterans. In 1887 he signed
the Interstate Commerce Act, which
established an agency to oversee the railroad
industry.
In 1886 Cleveland married Frances Folsom,
who became a popular first lady.
The couple had five children.
Cleveland ran for reelection in 1888.
His Republican opponent was
Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland received
about 100,000 more popular votes than
Harrison, but he lost in the electoral
college.
Second Term
After practicing law for four years,
Cleveland ran for president again in
1892. This time he soundly defeated
Harrison.
Cleveland now faced serious economic
and labor problems. As the United
States sank into an economic depression,
banks and businesses failed.Workers
angered by wage cuts went on strike, or
refused to work. In 1894 a strike in Chicago
against the Pullman railroad car
company turned violent. Cleveland sent
in federal troops to end the strike. That
decision lost him the support of many
workers.
Cleveland generally stayed out of foreign
affairs. He refused to make Hawaii a
U.S. territory. He also refused to help a
group of Cubans revolting against Spanish
rule.
Retirement
In 1896 the Democrats nominatedWilliam
Jennings Bryan for president instead
Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th
president of the United States.
136 Cleveland, Grover BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
of Cleveland. The next year Cleveland
retired to Princeton, New Jersey. He
worked at Princeton University until he
died on June 24, 1908.
#More to explore
Electoral College • Harrison, Benjamin
Cliff Dwellers
#see Anasazi.
Climate
The weather found in a certain place
over a long period of time is known as
the climate. An area’s climate determines
what kinds of plants can grow
and what kinds of animals can survive
there. People use information about
climates to decide which crops to plant,
to prepare for natural disasters, and even
to choose the best season for traveling to
vacation spots.
Studying Climates
The study of climates is called climatology.
Scientists have many tools to help
in this study. They set up weather stations
on Earth to measure rainfall, temperature,
and wind speed. They send
weather balloons with special instruments
up into the atmosphere.Weather
satellites in space also report information
to scientists on the ground.
Factors That Affect Climate
Many factors affect climate. These factors
include the sun, oceans, winds, land
types, clouds, and human activities.
Sunlight affects climate by hitting Earth
unevenly. Places near the equator receive
lots of strong sunlight throughout the
year. This gives them a hot climate yearround.
Places far from the equator get
less strong sunlight, and so they are
cooler.
Oceans also affect climate. Land near an
ocean usually has a milder climate than
an inland area. The ocean warms the
land in winter and cools it in summer.
This happens because water cools and
heats more slowly than land.
Winds affect climate by carrying warm
or cool air to areas.Winds also bring
different amounts of moisture.
The type of land in an area affects the
climate, too. For example, mountain
ranges can block cold air. Also, places
that are at higher elevations are usually
cooler than nearby places at lower elevations.
