in bogs that they create themselves.
The United States is the leading cranberry
producer.
Cranberries may be round, oval, or pearshaped.
They range in color from pink
to very dark red. Some are white.
Cranberries grow on small plants that
form vines. Short branches grow from
the vines. Small leaves and flowers grow
on the branches. The flowers develop
into berries. Botanists (people who study
plants) call cranberries true berries. Like
blueberries and other true berries, cranberries
are single fruits that grow from a
single flower. In contrast, strawberries
Coyotes are most commonly seen at dawn
and dusk.
Cranberries grow well along the coast of
the U.S. state of Washington.
210 Crab BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
and some other berries are really clusters
of fruits that grow from one flower.
Cranberry growers usually collect the
fruit by a method called water harvesting.
First they flood the bog. Then they
use machines to knock the berries off
the plants. The berries float to the surface,
which makes them easier to collect.
#More to explore
Blueberry • Bog • Fruit • Strawberry
Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse was a war leader of the
Oglala, a tribe of the Sioux Indians. He
was born in about 1842 near what is
now Rapid City, South Dakota. As early
as 1865 he was leading his people in the
Plains IndianWars. The Indians waged
these wars to stop non-Indians from
invading their lands.
In 1868 Sioux leaders agreed to keep
their people on a reservation. Crazy
Horse refused to honor that agreement.
He and his followers left the reservation
for bison (buffalo) country, where they
continued to hunt, fish, and wage war
against enemy tribes as well as whites.
In 1874 gold was discovered in an area
of the Sioux reservation that the Indians
considered to be sacred ground. White
miners ignored Indian treaties and
swarmed over the area. Army troops
were sent to protect the miners, but
Crazy Horse and his followers forced
them to leave in June 1876.
Later that month the Sioux fought U.S.
soldiers led by Lieutenant Colonel
George Custer. During this famous
battle Custer and all of his men were
killed.
Crazy Horse was pursued by U.S.
troops. He finally surrendered on May
6, 1877. While being held prisoner at
Fort Robinson, Nebraska, Crazy Horse
was killed on September 5, 1877, during
a struggle with U.S. soldiers.
#More to explore
Custer, George Armstrong • Sioux
Cree
The Cree are one of the largest Native
American groups in Canada. They originally
lived in the forests of eastern
Canada. They eventually expanded their
territory far into the plains of western
Canada.
A huge statue of Crazy Horse is being
carved out of a mountain in South Dakota.
The model in front shows what the statue
will look like when it is completed.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Cree 211
The Cree traditionally hunted, fished,
and gathered berries and wild plants for
food. They used the bark of birch trees
to build cone-shaped houses similar to
tepees. They also used birch bark to
make canoes.
In the early 1600s traders from France
and England began arriving in Cree
lands. The Cree traded furs to the Europeans
in exchange for guns, tools, cloth,
and other goods.
Over time some Cree moved west to the
plains of what are now Saskatchewan
and Alberta. These Cree became known
as the Plains Cree. The Cree who stayed
in the east became known as the Woodland
Cree. By the late 1700s the Plains
Cree had given up their old way of life.
They got horses and began hunting
bison (buffalo) on horseback. These
Cree also built tepees.
In the 1800s the Cree lost much of their
land to white settlers. Most Cree settled
on reservations that the Canadian government
set aside for them. At the end
of the 20th century more than 60,000
Cree lived in Canada. About 2,500 Cree
lived in the United States.
Creek
The Native Americans known as the
Creek originally lived in a huge territory
in what are now Georgia and Alabama.
The Creek were a confederacy, or group,
of separate tribes. The English called all
of the tribes the Creek because they
lived mainly along rivers and creeks. The
Creek call themselves the Muskogee (or
Muscogee).
The Creek divided their towns into
“white towns” and “red towns.” White
towns were dedicated to peace, and red
towns were set apart for war planning
and ceremonies. The Creek lived in rectangular
houses made of pole frames cov-
Me-Na-Wa was a chief of the
Creek people.
A Cree boy dressed in traditional
costume attends an event
in Canada.
212 Creek BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
ered with mud. The roofs were made of
grass or bark. The Creek planted fields
of corn, beans, and squash. They also
hunted and fished.
Spanish explorers invaded Creek territory
in the 1500s. Later the Creek sided
with English colonists in wars against
the Spanish. In the early 1800s the
Creek fought over land with European
settlers. In the 1830s the U.S. government
forced the Creek to move to
Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).
The Creek later adopted European customs.
They also became known as one
of the Five Civilized Tribes, along with
the Cherokee, the Chickasaw, the Choctaw,
and the Seminole. At the end of the
