peoples had settled in what is now Scotland.
The Romans invaded in about AD
80. Though the Romans had conquered
England andWales, they could not
defeat the peoples of Scotland.
By the 400s four peoples had established
kingdoms in the region: the Picts, the
Britons, the Angles, and the Scots. The
Scots were a group of Celts from Ireland.
Between the 800s and the 1000s
the kings of the Scots unified the
peoples into one kingdom.
In 1296 the king of England invaded
Scotland and declared himself its king.
The Scottish people fought English rule.
WilliamWallace and Robert the Bruce
were heroes of the war for independence.
In 1328 Scotland became independent
with Robert as its king.
Scotland continued to clash with
England for more than 250 years. But in
1603 Scotland and England were united
under one king. Then, in 1707, Scotland’s
Parliament, or lawmaking body,
was merged with England’s. The entire
island of Great Britain was then one
kingdom, which was called Great Britain.
In 1801 Ireland joined the union,
creating the United Kingdom. (Most of
Ireland later broke away from the
union.)
In the 1900s many people in Scotland
wanted more of a say in their government.
In 1997 the people voted to create
a new Scottish Parliament. It took
control of many of Scotland’s affairs.
The national Parliament in England still
governed the United Kingdom as a
whole.
#More to explore
Anglo-Saxon • Celt • Edinburgh
• England • Heather • Ireland
• Northern Ireland • Parliament
• United Kingdom •Wales
Scouting
The Boy Scouts and the Girl Scouts
(also called Girl Guides) are groups that
teach useful skills and good citizenship
to boys and girls. Scouts often hike,
camp out, and take part in other outdoor
activities. Many countries around
the world have scouting groups.
Boy Scouts
A British Army officer named Robert
Baden-Powell started the Boy Scouts in
1907. In 1908 he published the first
A Cub Scout in the United States
gathers newspapers for recycling.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Scouting 53
Boy Scout handbook. This book introduced
the Boy Scouts’ motto, “Be Prepared.”
Scouting soon spread around the world.
The Boy Scouts of America started in
1910. It has several programs to serve
different age groups. Tiger Cubs are 7
years old. Cub Scouts are 8 to 10, and
Boy Scouts are 11 to 17. A Venturing
program serves older youths.
The Boy Scouts have several ranks, or
levels. A scout rises from one rank to the
next by learning skills and performing
services. A scout may also earn merit
badges for learning new skills or studying
new subjects.
The basic scouting group is called a
troop. Scouts from many troops meet in
gatherings called jamborees. A world
jamboree takes place about every four
years. As the 21st century began, more
than 25 million children and teenagers
from more than 200 countries were
active in the Boy Scouts.
Girl Scouts
Very soon after the Boy Scouts began,
many girls became interested in scouting.
In 1910 Baden-Powell started the
Girl Guides. Juliette Gordon Low
started the Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. in
1912.
Girl Scouts serve their communities and
countries in many ways. For example,
they may gather food and clothing for
the needy, help others learn to read, or
work to protect the environment. Since
the mid-1930s, Girl Scouts in the
United States have sold cookies to raise
money.
Like the Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts are
divided into age groups. A girl as young
as 5 years old can be a Daisy Girl Scout.
The Brownie Girl Scouts are 6 to 8, and
Junior Girl Scouts are 8 to 11. Girl
Scouts can be as old as 17 years. Girls,
like boys, earn badges as a sign of their
accomplishments.
The World Association of Girl Guides
and Girl Scouts started in 1928. By the
early 21st century, the association had
more than 10 million members from
140 countries.
#More to explore
Citizenship
Sculpture
Sculpture is a branch of the visual arts. It
involves the creation of artistic objects in
three dimensions—length, width, and
height. The main feature of a sculpture’s
Indonesian Girl Scouts salute their country’s
flag.
The highest
rank in the
Boy Scouts of
America is the
Eagle Scout.
54 Sculpture BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
design is the way its forms extend
through space. Size, texture, light and
shade, and color are also important
design elements. A sculpture may look
exactly like a person or object or may
reflect shapes and forms that the artist
invents.
Sculpture may be either in the round or
in relief. A sculpture in the round stands
on its own. It can be viewed from all
sides. A relief is attached to a background,
so it is not designed to be
viewed from the back. Reliefs often
decorate buildings.
Materials
Clay has been one of the sculptor’s chief
materials since ancient times. Clay is
easy to obtain and to use. Once early
peoples learned to make bronze, metals
became a popular choice for sculpture as
well. Most metals are very strong and
long-lasting. Sculptors value their color
and shine. Wood has long been a popular
material for carving. It is one of the
main materials used by sculptors in
Africa and Oceania. Sculptors have long
used stone for outdoor statues and
