Toads move by short hops or by walking.
They catch prey with their long,
sticky tongues. Toads generally eat
insects and worms. Some large toads,
however, eat frogs and small rodents.
Tlingit gather in Sitka, Alaska, in 2004 to
remember a battle with Russian soldiers that
took place in 1804.
The natterjack toad lives in northern Europe.
72 Toad BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
Toads lay their eggs underwater. After a
few days the eggs hatch into small, fishlike
creatures called tadpoles. Tadpoles
have tails and gills. The gills are structures
that help them breathe underwater.
Tadpoles eventually lose their tails and
develop lungs and legs. They can then
leave the water to live on land.
#More to explore
Amphibian • Frog • Hibernation
Tobacco
Tobacco is a plant that is grown for its
leaves. The dried leaves are usually made
into cigarettes, cigars, or pipe tobacco.
Users light these products and breathe in
the smoke. Tobacco also may be chewed
or taken in the form of a powder.
All these products deliver a habitforming
drug called nicotine to the user.
This drug makes it hard to stop using
tobacco. But using tobacco can cause
serious health problems, including lung
cancer, breathing disorders, and heart
disease.
Native Americans were the first people
to grow tobacco plants. They used
tobacco in ceremonies and as medicine.
In the late 1400s and early 1500s European
explorers learned about tobacco
from the Native Americans. The Europeans
established large farms called plantations
in the Americas to grow the crop.
They also brought tobacco back to their
home countries.
Today people in many parts of the world
grow and use tobacco. However, some
governments have tried to limit its use.
For example, some places do not allow
smoking in public buildings.
#More to explore
Drug
Tobago
#see Trinidad and Tobago.
Some toads, such as the Oriental firebellied
toad, can be quite colorful.
Tobacco plants produce large
leaves. The leaves are dried after
they are picked.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Tobago 73
Togo
The tiny country of Togo sits north of
the equator inWest Africa. Togo’s capital
is Lome.
Togo is a long, narrow country. In the
south it has a short coastline on the
Atlantic Ocean. Togo borders Ghana,
Burkina Faso, and Benin. The Togo
Mountains cross central Togo. Plains
cover the north. Togo has a hot climate
with dry and rainy seasons.
Grasslands and scattered trees cover
most of Togo. Tropical forests grow in
the southwest. Togo’s animals include
elephants, lions, monkeys, hippopotamuses,
crocodiles, lizards, and snakes.
Togo has many different ethnic groups.
The two largest groups are the Ewe in
the south and the Kabre in the north.
Most of the people practice Christianity,
African religions, or Islam. French is the
national language. Most people live in
small villages.
Most of Togo’s people are farmers. The
main food crops include cassava, yams,
and corn. Many people raise sheep,
goats, and pigs. Farmers also produce
coffee, cocoa, and cotton. Fishing is
another source of food.
The Ewe and the Kabre peoples lived in
the region before the 1300s. In 1884
Germans took over the region. During
WorldWar I France gained control of
part of the area.
In 1960 French Togoland gained independence.
In 1967 a military general
took power. He remained president until
he died in 2005. Togo then elected his
son as president.
..More to explore
Lome
Women shop at an outdoor market
in Togo.
Facts About
TOGO
Population
(2008 estimate)
6,762,000
Area
21,925 sq mi
(56,785 sq km)
Capital
Lome
Form of
government
Republic
Major cities
Lome, Sokode,
Kpalime, Atakpame,
Kara
74 Togo BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
Tohono
O’odham
The Tohono O’odham are Native
Americans who live in southern Arizona
and northern Mexico. They are often
called the Papago. The Tohono
O’odham are related to the Pima people.
They may be descendants of the ancient
Hohokam Indians.
The Tohono O’odham traditionally
built houses from mud and brush in the
desert. Their name means “desert
people.” Because their land was very dry,
they moved in different seasons to make
sure they had enough water. Summer
rains provided water to grow crops. The
tribe grew corn, beans, squash, and cotton.
When the rains stopped, the
Tohono O’odham moved to winter villages
in the mountains. There they got
water from springs. For food, they
hunted wild animals and gathered wild
plants.
Spanish explorers arrived in the lands of
the Tohono O’odham in the late 1600s.
The Spanish taught the tribe how to
grow wheat and raise cattle and horses.
The Tohono O’odham of Mexico eventually
lost much of their land to settlers
and ranchers. The Tohono O’odham of
the United States were given several reservations.
The Tohono O’odham Reservation
in Arizona is the country’s second
largest reservation. In the late 20th century
there were more than 17,000
Tohono O’odham in the United States.
A few hundred lived in the Mexican
state of Sonora.
..More to explore
Hohokam Culture • Native Americans
• Pima
Tokyo
Population
(2008
estimate), city,
8,731,000;
(2007
estimate), urban
area,
35,700,000
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, an island
country in eastern Asia. It is located on
