cout << "fish #" << i+1 << ": ";
}
// calculate average
double total = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
total += fish[j];
// report results
if (i == 0)
cout << "No fish\n";
else
cout << total / i << " = average weight of "
<< i << " fish\n";
cout << "Done.\n";
return 0;
}
Note
As mentioned earlier, some execution environments require additional code to keep the window open so that you can see the output. In this example, because the input 'q' turns off further input, the treatment is more elaborate:
if (!cin) // input terminated by non-numeric response
{
cin.clear(); // reset input
cin.get(); // read q
}
cin.get(); // read end of line after last input
cin.get(); // wait for user to press
You also could use code similar to this in Listing 6.13 if you wanted the program to accept more input after exiting the loop.
Listing 6.14 further illustrates using the cin return value and resetting cin.
The expression cin >> fish[i] in Listing 6.13 is really a cin method function call, and the function returns cin. If cin is part of a test condition, it’s converted to type bool. The conversion value is true if input succeeds and false otherwise. A false value for the expression terminates the loop. By the way, here’s a sample run of the program:
Please enter the weights of your fish.
You may enter up to 5 fish .
fish #1: 30
fish #2: 35
fish #3: 25
fish #4: 40
fish #5: q
32.5 = average weight of 4 fish
Done.
Note the following line of code:
while (i < Max && cin >> fish[i]) {
Recall that C++ doesn’t evaluate the right side of a logical AND expression if the left side is false. In such a case, evaluating the right side means using cin to place input into the array. If i does equal Max, the loop terminates without trying to read a value into a location past the end of the array.
The preceding example doesn’t attempt to read any input after non-numeric input. Let’s look at a case that does. Suppose you are required to submit exactly five golf scores to a C++ program to establish your average. If a user enters non-numeric input, the program should object, insisting on numeric input. As you’ve seen, you can use the value of a cin input expression to test for non-numeric input. Suppose the program finds that the user enters the wrong stuff. It needs to take three steps:
1. Reset cin to accept new input.
2. Get rid of the bad input.
3. Prompt the user to try again.
Note that the program has to reset cin before getting rid of the bad input. Listing 6.14 shows how these tasks can be accomplished.
Listing 6.14. cingolf.cpp
// cingolf.cpp -- non-numeric input skipped
#include
const int Max = 5;
int main()
{
using namespace std;
// get data
int golf[Max];
cout << "Please enter your golf scores.\n";
cout << "You must enter " << Max << " rounds.\n";
int i;
for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
{
cout << "round #" << i+1 << ": ";
while (!(cin >> golf[i])) {
cin.clear(); // reset input
while (cin.get() != '\n')
continue; // get rid of bad input
cout << "Please enter a number: ";
}
}
// calculate average
double total = 0.0;
for (i = 0; i < Max; i++)
total += golf[i];
// report results
cout << total / Max << " = average score "
<< Max << " rounds\n";
return 0;
}
Here is a sample run of the program in Listing 6.14:
Please enter your golf scores.
You must enter 5 rounds.
round #1: 88
round #2: 87
round #3: must i?
Please enter a number: 103
round #4: 94
round #5: 86
91.6 = average score 5 rounds
Program Notes
The heart of the error-handling code in Listing 6.14 is the following:
while (!(cin >> golf[i])) {
cin.clear(); // reset input
while (cin.get() != '\n')
continue; // get rid of bad input
cout << "Please enter a number: ";
}
If the user enters 88, the cin expression is true, and a value is placed in the array. Furthermore, because cin is true, the expression !(cin >> golf[i]) is false, and this inner loop terminates. But if the user enters must i?, the cin expression is false, nothing is placed into the array, the expression !(cin >> golf[i]) is true, and the program enters the inner while loop. The first statement in the loop uses the clear() method to reset input. If you omit this statement, the program refuses to read any more input. Next, the program uses cin.get() in a while loop to read the remaining input through the end of the line. This gets rid of the bad input, along with anything else on the line. Another approach is to read to the next whitespace, which gets rid of bad input one word at a time instead of one line at a time. Finally, the program tells the user to enter a number.
Simple File Input/Output
Sometimes keyboard input is not the best choice. For example, suppose you’ve written a program to analyze stocks, and you’ve downloaded a file of 1,000 stock prices. It would be far more convenient to have the program read the file directly than to hand-enter all the values. Similarly, it can be convenient to have a program write output to a file so that you have a permanent record of the results.
