voters and blaming Jackson's
anti-bank policy. Biddle declared:
"All other banks and all the
merchants may break, but the
Bank of the United States shall not
break." In the end, he lost the
contest. The Bank's charter
expired in 1836.
During the Civil War, Lincoln
had an insurrection on his
hands in the North as well as
the South, These two Leslie's
engravings depict the 1863
anti-draft riots that occurred in
Ohio, Illinois, and New York. In
New York, over 1,000 civilians
were killed or wounded by
federal soldiers. The Civil War
was started over economic
issues, not slavery. The War
was not popular in the North
until the issue of slavery was
added at a later time to turn it
into a moral crusade.
Above and below: New YorV Historical Society
The crew of the Russian ship,
Virginia, in 1863. Tsar Alexander II had dispatched his Baltic fleet to Alexandria andhis Asiatic fleet to San Fransciso where they were committed to assist the Unionsblockade against the South. This had little to do with freeing the slaves. France l^"
designs on Mexico, and England wanted a divided America. Russia was merelyreacting against France and England who were her enemies. The powers of Eur°Pewere deeply involved in the American Civil War for purposes of their own. WithouRussia's intervention, the outcome of the War could have been quite different.
398
Hulton Deutsch I
Montagu Norman (above) was head of the
Bank of England during the first years of the
Federal Reserve. He is shown here in 1931
aboard the
Norman frequently traveled to the U.S. to
meet in secret with Benjamin Strong, head of
the Federal Reserve. Strong agreed to use the
Federal Reserve System to unofficially help
Great Britain meet its financial obligations, and
billions of dollars subsequently flowed from
the U.S. It was that outflow that set the stage
for America's great depression of the 1930's.
William Wentworth (right) met Norman
aboard ship in 1929. Norman told him in
confidence that there soon was going to be a
"shake-out" in the U.S. financial markets. Thestock-market crashed just a few months later.
399
r n o r a w o r i u
John D. Rockefeller, Sr., is shown here a;ving a dime to a child, while an admiri") crowd looks on. This was one of his favorite publicity stunts. It was conceived by N
public-relations staff as a means of offsetting adverse publicity regarding his busine-'
dealings. Large-scale philanthropy was an extension of that same technique.
400
