Hallucinations полностью

Elsevier Limited: Excerpt from “Migraine: From Cappadocia to Queen Square” in Background to Migraine, edited by Robert Smith (London: William Heinemann, 1967). Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Limited. The New York Times: Excerpts from “Lifting, Lights, and Little People” by Siri Hustvedt from The New York Times Blog, February 17, 2008. Reprinted by permission of The New York Times as administered by PARS International Corp.

Oxford University Press: Excerpt from “Dostoiewski’s Epilepsy” by T. Alajouanine from Brain, June 1, 1963. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press as administered by Copyright Clearance Center.

Royal College of Psychiatrists: Excerpt from “Sudden Religious Conversion in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy” by Kenneth Dewhurst and A. W. Beard from British Journal of Psychiatry 117 (1970). Reprinted by permission of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Scientific American: Excerpt from “Abducted!” by Michael Shermer from Scientific American 292 (2005). Copyright © 2005 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission of Scientific American.

Vintage Books: Excerpts from Speak, Memory by Vladimir Nabokov, copyright © 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1967, copyright renewed 1994 by the Estate of Vladimir Nabokov. Used by permission of Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc.

ALSO BY OLIVER SACKS

Migraine

Awakenings

A Leg to Stand On

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

Seeing Voices

An Anthropologist on Mars

The Island of the Colour-blind

Uncle Tungsten

Oaxaca Journal

Musicophilia

The Mind’s Eye

First published as a Borzoi Book 2012 by Alfred A. Knopf,

a division of Random House, Inc., New York,

and in Canada by Alfred A. Knopf Canada,

a division of Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto

First published 2012 by Picador

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Endnotes

1. My own favorite definition is that given by William James in his 1890 Principles of Psychology: “An hallucination is a strictly sensational form of consciousness, as good and true a sensation as if there were a real object there. The object happens to be not there, that is all.” Many other researchers have proposed their own definitions, and Jan Dirk Blom, in his encyclopedic Dictionary of Hallucinations, includes dozens of these.

2. We cannot be certain whether other animals have hallucinations, although “hallucinatory behaviors” have been observed in laboratory animals as well as in natural settings, as Ronald K. Siegel and Murray E. Jarvik described in their review of the subject.

3. La Barre provided an extended review of anthropological perspectives on hallucination in a chapter published in 1975.

4. Draaisma’s book provides not only a vivid account of Bonnet’s life and work, but fascinating reconstructions of the lives of a dozen other major figures in neurology whose names are now remembered mostly for the syndromes named after them: Georges Gilles de la Tourette, James Parkinson, Alois Alzheimer, Joseph Capgras, and others.