I Am a Strange Loop полностью

I HAVE often been asked, when people hear that my research amounts to a quest after the hidden machinery of human thought, “Oh, so that means that you study the brain?”

One part of me wants to reply, “No, no — I think about thinking. I think about how concepts and words are related, what ‘thinking in French’ is, what underlies slips of the tongue and other types of errors, how one event effortlessly reminds us of another, how we recognize written letters and words, how we understand sloppily spoken, slurred, slangy speech, how we toss off untold numbers of utterly bland-seeming yet never-beforemade analogies and occasionally come up with sparklingly original ones, how each of our concepts grows in subtlety and fluidity over our lifetime, and so forth. I don’t think in the least about the brain — I leave the wet, messy, tangled web of the brain to the neurophysiologists.”

Another part of me, however, wants to reply, “Of course I think about the human brain. By definition, I think about the brain, since the human brain is precisely the machinery that carries out human thinking.”

This amusing contradiction has forced me to ask myself, “What do I mean, and what do other people mean, by ‘brain research’?”, and this leads naturally to the question, “What are the structures in the brain that someone could in principle study?” Most neuroscientists, if they were asked such a question, would make a list that would include (at least some of) the following items (listed roughly in order of physical size):

amino acids

neurotransmitters

DNA and RNA

synapses

dendrites

neurons

Hebbian neural assemblies

columns in the visual cortex

area 19 of the visual cortex

the entire visual cortex

the left hemisphere

Although these are all legitimate and important objects of neurological study, to me this list betrays a limited point of view. Saying that studying the brain is limited to the study of physical entities such as these would be like saying that literary criticism must focus on paper and bookbinding, ink and its chemistry, page sizes and margin widths, typefaces and paragraph lengths, and so forth. But what about the high abstractions that are the heart of literature — plot and character, style and point of view, irony and humor, allusion and metaphor, empathy and distance, and so on? Where did these crucial essences disappear in the list of topics for literary critics?

My point is simple: abstractions are central, whether in the study of literature or in the study of the brain. Accordingly, I herewith propose a list of abstractions that “researchers of the brain” should be just as concerned with:

the concept “dog”

the associative link between the concepts “dog” and “bark”

object files (as proposed by Anne Treisman)

frames (as proposed by Marvin Minsky)

memory organization packets (as proposed by Roger Schank)

long-term memory and short-term memory

episodic memory and melodic memory

analogical bridges (as proposed by my own research group)

mental spaces (as proposed by Gilles Fauconnier)

memes (as proposed by Richard Dawkins)

the ego, id, and superego (as proposed by Sigmund Freud)

the grammar of one’s native language

sense of humor

“I”

I could extend this list arbitrarily. It is merely suggestive, intended to convey my thesis that the term “brain structure” should include items of this general sort. It goes without saying that some of the above-listed theoretical notions are unlikely to have lasting validity, while others may be increasingly confirmed by various types of research. Just as the notion of “gene” as an invisible entity that enabled the passing-on of traits from parents to progeny was proposed and studied scientifically long before any physical object could be identified as an actual carrier of such traits, and just as the notion of “atoms” as the building blocks of all physical objects was proposed and studied scientifically long before individual atoms were isolated and internally probed, so any of the notions listed above might legitimately be considered as invisible structures for brain researchers to try to pinpoint physically in the human brain.