6 Vera Kostrovitskaya, April 1942. In Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, pp. 50–51.

7 William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II, p. 196.

8 ‘Dnevnik I. M. Chaiko’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 115.

9 Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, p. 188.

10 NKVD report to Zhdanov, 2 June 1942. Given in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, pp. 320–23. Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, p. 412.

11 For examples of orphans exploited by neighbours see Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, pp. 234, 241, and Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniya, pisma, p. 48 (5 March 1942).

12 Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 210 (January 1942).

13 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, pp. 9–10.

14 Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 40 (2 January 1942).

15 Report to Popkov from the Leningrad military prosecutor, 12 February 1942. Given in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 136, pp. 290–92.

16 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 37–8 (26 December 1941).

17 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 207 (February 1942).

18 Nadezhda Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the Scale of Famine and Death in the Besieged City’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds, Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941–44, pp. 47–8.

19 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokadye’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 207 (11 February 1942).

20 Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World War Two in the Soviet Union, p. 93.

21 Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 8, p. 50 (5 February 1942).

22 Report to Zhdanov and Kuznetsov by Antyufeyev, 5 February 1942. TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 24, op. 2v. Notes to Pages 220–231

23 Vladimir Garshin, ‘Tam gde smert pomogayet zhizni’, Arkhiv Patologii, vol. 46, no. 5, 1984, p. 84.

24 Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 33 (25 November 1941).

25 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 424, 440.

26 Geraldine Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, p. 252.

27 Aleksandr Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, pp. 25–8 (9 and 10 December 1941).

28 Ibid., p. 56 (12 February 1942).

29 ‘Dnevnik I. M. Chaiko’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 117 (25 March 1943).

30 Nikolai Ribkovsky, in Nataliya Kozlova, ed., Sovetskiye lyudi: stseny iz istorii, pp. 263–4 (15 March 1942).

31 Vera Kostrovitskaya, April 1942. In Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege, pp. 47–52.

32 Nikolai Sokolov, ‘Tyoplaya vanna dlya begemota: zoosad v gody voiny’, Rodina 1, 2003. I. M. Gergilevich, Podvig tvoi bessmerten (1942–1945), unpublished paper.

33 Report by the ‘Burial Affairs’ section of the City Communal Enterprises Management, 5 April 1943. Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 153, pp. 319–43.

34 Sofia Buryakova, in Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege, pp. 100–101.

35 Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokadye’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, pp. 202—4 (24 January 1942).

36 Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul, p. 250.

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