Mao Zedong On Dialectical Materialism полностью

In hisCapital,Marx first analyses the simplest, most ordinary and fundamental, most common and everydayrelationof bourgeois (commodity) society, a relation encountered billions of times, viz. the exchange of commodities. In this very simple phenomenon (in this “cell” of bourgeois society) analysis revealsallthe contradictions (or the germs of allthe contradictions) of modern society. The subsequent exposition shows us the development(bothgrowthandmovement) of these contradictions and of this society in the Σ (summation) of its individual parts, from its beginning to its end.[4-428]

Lenin added, “Such must be the method of exposition (or study) of dialectics in general”.

Fine, we don’t need to study the ancient literary method (yifa) of the Tong Cheng school,[4-429] for Lenin has informed us of an even better method (yifa), and that is the Marxist scientific method of study.[4-430]

[p. 252] Contradiction is present in all processes;[4-431] it permeates each and every process from beginning to end.[4-432] This is the universality and absoluteness of contradiction which we have discussed above. Now let us discuss the particularity and relativity of contradiction.[4-433] This problem should be studied on several levels.

First, the contradiction in each form of motion of matter has its particularity. Man’s knowledge of matter is knowledge of its forms of motion, because there is nothing in this world except matter in motion.[4-434]In considering each form of motion, we must observe the points which it has in common with other forms of motion. But what is especially important, constituting as it does the foundation of our knowledge of a thing, is to observe what is particular to this form of motion of matter, namely, to observe the qualitative difference between this form of motion and other forms. Only when we have done so can we distinguish between things. Materialist dialectics indicates clearly: Every form of motion contains within itself its own particular contradiction. This particular contradiction constitutes the particular essence which distinguishes one thing from another.[4-435] There are many forms of motion in nature, mechanical motion, sound, light, heat, electricity, dissociation, combination, and so on. All these forms are interdependent, but in its essence each is different from the others. The particular essence of each form of motion is determined by its own particular contradiction. This holds true not only for nature but also for social and ideological phenomena.