Poland полностью

POLAND A HISTORYADAM ZAMOYSKI

Copyright

HarperPress

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Published by HarperPress 2009

FISRT EDITION

Copyright © Adam Zamoyski Ltd 2009

The Polish Way published by John Murray in 1987

Adam Zamoyski asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

Cover shows detail from a parchment scroll of 1605, showing a member of the Husaria, the Polish winged cavalry

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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Ebook Edition © September 2009 ISBN: 978-0-007-32273-2

Version: 2015-12-14

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

MAPS

TABLES

NOTE ON POLISH PRONUNCIATION

PREFACE

ONE People, Land and Crown

TWO Between East and West

THREE The Jagiellon Experience

FOUR Religion and Politics

FIVE Kingdom and Commonwealth

SIX The Reign of Erasmus

SEVEN Democracy versus Dynasty

EIGHT Champions of God

NINE A Biblical Flood

TEN Morbus Comitialis

ELEVEN The Reign of Anarchy

TWELVE Renewal

THIRTEEN Gentle Revolution

FOURTEEN Armed Struggle

FIFTEEN Insurgency

SIXTEEN The Polish Question

SEVENTEEN Captivity

EIGHTEEN Nation-Building

NINETEEN The Polish Republic

TWENTY War

TWENTY-ONE The Cost of Victory

TWENTY-TWO Trial and Error

TWENTY-THREE Papal Power

TWENTY-FOUR The Third Republic

Index

By The Same Author

About the Publisher

MAPS

Central Europe at the Beginning of the Tenth Century2 The Kingdom of Bolesław the Brave in 10257 The Division of Poland, 113813 The Polish Duchies, c.125022 The Kingdom of Władysław the Short, c.132029 Poland under Kazimierz the Great, 137033 The Combined Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania in 146636 The Jagiellon Dominions at the End of the Fifteenth Century49 The Religious Debate of the Sixteenth Century59 The Polish Commonwealth of 156981 The Commonwealth in the Mid-Seventeenth Century137 The Commonwealth in Decline150 The First Partition of Poland, 1772195 The Three Partitions of Poland212 Napoleonic Europe, 1809223 The Congress Kingdom, 1815-31227 The Lands of Partitioned Poland, c.1860259 The Polish Republic295 The Nazi-Soviet Partition of Poland, 1939317 The People’s Republic of Poland337 Modern Europe383

TABLES

The early Piast kings10 The division and reunification of Poland under the later Piasts24-25 The Jagiellon dynasty of Poland-Lithuania41 The Vasa kings of Poland116

NOTE ON POLISH PRONUNCIATION

Polish words may look complicated, but pronunciation is at least consistent. All vowels are simple and of even length, as in Italian, and their sound is best rendered by the English words ‘sum’ (a), ‘ten’ (e), ‘ease’ (i), ‘lot’ (o), ‘book’ (u), ‘sit’ (y).

Most of the consonants behave in the same way as in English, except for c, which is pronounced ‘ts’; j, which is soft, as in ‘yes’; and w, which is equivalent to English v. As in German, some con—sonants are softened when they fall at the end of a word, and b, d, g, w, z become p, t, k, f, s, respectively.

There are also a number of accented letters and combinations peculiar to Polish, of which the following is a rough list:

ó = u, hence Kraków is pronounced ‘krakooff ‘.

ą = nasal a, hence sąd is pronounced ‘sont’.

ę = nasal e, hence Łęczyca is pronounced ‘wenchytsa’.

ć = ch as in ‘cheese’.

cz = ch as in ‘catch’.

ch = guttural h as in ‘loch’.

ł = English w, hence Bolesław becomes ‘Boleswaf, Łódz ‘Wootj’.

ń = soft n as in Spanish ‘mañana’.

rz = French j as in ‘je’.

ś = sh as in ‘sheer’.

sz = sh as in ‘bush’.

?? = as rz (—?? is the accented capital).

ź = A similar sound, but sharper as in French ‘gigot’.

The stress in Polish is consistent, and always falls on the pen—ultimate syllable.

PREFACE

The idea that a historian should radically alter his view of the past over the space of a couple of decades is, on the face of it, preposterous. But when I reread my history of Poland, The Polish Way, first published in 1987, which I meant to revise and update for a new edition, I became convinced of the contrary. History did not, as some have argued, come to an end in the intervening two decades, but they have completely changed the perspective.