Soldaten полностью

ISRM — Italy Special Report Army

I/SRN — Italy/Special Report Navy

KTB — Wartime Diary

NARA — National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

OKW — Wehrmacht Supreme Command

PAAA — Political Archive, German Foreign Ministry

SKl — German Naval Command

SRA — Special Report Air Force

SRCMF — Special Report Central Mediterranean Forces

SRGG — Special Report German Generals

SRIG — Special Report Italian Generals

SRM — Special Report Army

SRN — Special Report Navy

SRX — Special Report Mixed

TNA — The National Archives, Kew Gardens, London

USHMM — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

WFSt — Wehrmacht General Staff

1. The research group worked under the direction of Dr. Christian Gudehus and consisted of Dr. Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi, Dr. Felix Römer, Dr. Michaela Christ, Sebastian Groß, and Tobias Seidl. More detailed analyses can be found in Harald Welzer, Sönke Neitzel, and Christian Gudehus, eds., “Der Führer war wieder viel zu human, viel zu gefühlvoll!” (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 2011).

2. SRA 2670, 20 June 1942, TNA, WO 208/4126.

3. SRA 3686, 20 February 1943, TNA, WO 208/4129.

4. A further influence on the concept of the frame of reference was the work of French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, who was murdered in the Buchenwald concentration camp. He pointed out the formative influence of the social framework (“cadres sociaux”) in memory.

5. It is unclear precisely how many people panicked. The New York Times ran a story on 31 October 1938 entitled “Radio Listeners in Panic, Taking War Drama as Fact,” and reported on various incidents, in which an entire block’s worth of people fled their apartments. The article did not use the phrase “mass panic,” although a significant number of people certainly did mistake fiction for fact.

6. Gregory Bateson, Ökologie des Geistes (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1999).

7. Alfred Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt: Eine Einleitung in die verstehende Soziologie (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1993).

8. Erving Goffman, Rahmenanalyse (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1980), p. 99.

9. Kazimierz Sakowicz was a Polish journalist who began documenting the mass murder of Lithuanian Jews in 1941. Rachel Margolis and Jim Tobias, eds., Die geheimen Notizen des K. Sakowicz: Dokumente zur Judenvernichtung in Ponary, 1941–1943 (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 2005), p. 53.

10. Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millet, A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 360.

11. Norbert Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (Munich: Juventa, 2004).

12. Cited in Rolf Schörken, Luftwaffenhelfer und Drittes Reich: Die Entstehung eines politischen Bewusstseins (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta Verlag, 1985), p. 144.

13. Raul Hilberg, Täter, Opfer, Zuschauer: Die Vernichtung der Juden, 1933–1945 (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 1992), p. 138.

14. Martin Heinzelmann, Göttingen im Luftkrieg (Gottingen: Die Werkstatt, 2003).

15. Norbert Elias, Studien über die Deutschen (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1989).

16. Michel Foucault, Überwachen und Strafen (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1994).

17. Erving Goffman, Asyle: Über die Situation psychiatrischer Patienten und anderer Insassen (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1973).

18. Rolf Schörken recalled of his experiences as a sixteen-year-old assistant antiaircraft gunner: “In the school classes of this age group, pupils who displayed a mixture of intelligence, sporting prowess and social skills normally had the most say…. Now, the antithetical type of pupil took control: those who had grown more quickly and were simply more physically powerful than the others. Intelligence of the sort promoted in school, to say nothing of being educated, almost became negative traits and were punished with ridicule and scorn. Anyone who dared read a serious book or listened to serious music was a lost cause…. These new shapers of opinion create a pressure, indeed a compulsion to conform that knew no corrective limits. The fact that we were all part of the Wehrmacht did little to counteract this. In reality, being connected to the Wehrmacht was what enabled people to completely let themselves go in battle.” See Schörken, Luftwaffenhelfer und Drittes Reich.

19. Harald Welzer, “Jeder die Gestapo des anderen: Über totale Gruppen,” in Stadt der Sklaven/Slave City, Museum Folkwang, ed. (Essen, 2008), pp. 177–90.