Stalin полностью

54. Pianciola, “Famine in the Steppe.” In the Kazakh autonomous republic, significant numbers of deaths from starvation began in spring and summer 1930. That year an estimated 35,000 Kazakh households, more than 150,000 people with 900,000 head of livestock, fled for China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The USSR land commissariat resolved that even southern Kazakhstan—an area of nomads and semi-nomads—should see “reinforced state farm and collective farm construction,” partly in order to “narrow the basis for nomadic and semi-nomadic land utilization.” Davies and Wheatcroft, Years of Hunger, 3–4 (RGAE, f. 7486, op. 19, d. 130, l. 6–7: on Feb. 1, 1931); Kondrashin et al., Golod v SSSR, I/i: 207–8 (GA Kustanaiskoi obl. Respubliki Kazakhstan, f. 54–p, op. 1, d. 784, l. 14), 220–7 (TsA FSB, f. 2m, op. 8, d. 744, l. 570–6), 227–8 (l. 612); Aldazhumanov et al., Nasil’stvennaia kollektivizatsiia, 72–3 (APRK, f. 141, op. 1, d. 3336, l. 97). Turar Ryskulov reported to Stalin that between Feb. 1931 and Feb. 1932, private Kazakh herds had shrunk by more than 4 million head, but only 1.5 million livestock had been delivered to the state. Ryskulov blamed “excesses in collectivization,” “alongside the evil murder of livestock by kulak-herders [bai].” Danilov et al., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, III: 503–9 (RGASPI, f. 82, op. 2, d. 670, l. 11–14ob.); Partiinaia zhizn’ Kazakhstana, 1990, no. 10: 76–84; Ryskulov, Sobranie sochinenii, III: 304–16 (APRK, f. 141, op. 1, d. 6403, l. 13–6).

55. Aldazhumanov, “Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie soprotivleniia,” 66–93. One district of Dagestan reported 10,000 people on the verge of starvation already in Dec. 1930: Kondrashin et al., Golod v SSSR, I/1: 321 (RGAE, f. 8043, op. 1, d. 20, l. 128). A Central Committee plenum (June 11–15, 1931) discussed the completed sowing campaign and upcoming harvest, but was largely preoccupied with Moscow city reconstruction and Union-wide rail transport bottlenecks, which Stalin addressed in his usual way: forcing personnel changes, including an influx of OGPU personnel into the railroad commissariat. Pravda, June 17, 1931; VKP (b) v rezoliutsiiakh (1933), II: 693–720; Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 109–10 (RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 99, l. 35–6: Sept. 19, 1931), 123–4 (f. 558, op. 11, d. 76, l. 85–85ob.: Oct. 1), 127–8 (l. 88ob.: Oct. 5); Rees, Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, 51–2; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 854, l. 7.

56. Discussion ensued of some heretical ideas, such as allowing state companies independence and disposal of their own profits, to create incentives, but the transcript was not published. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d, 11, l. 119 (July 15, 1931).

57. RGASPI, f. 85, op. 28, d. 7, I: 176–82. This text, as delivered, differs from the text published two weeks later and reprinted in Sochineniia, XIII: 51–80.

58. When hostile governments fed the Soviets information aimed at compromising Red Army officers, much of it had actually originated with the OGPU’s schemes. The defector Bazhanov colorfully told French intelligence that “I often heard politburo members and major OGPU functionaries say that émigré organizations were so saturated with agents that at times it was difficult to make out where émigré activities began and prevocational work ended.” Gutinov, “‘Unichtozhit’ vragov, predvaritel’no ikh obmanuv,” 38. See also Dzanovich, Organy, 92 (citing TsA FSB, f. PF, d. 6159, t. 1, l. 228ob.).

59. “At the beginning of Soviet power I was neither sympathetic nor certain it would endure,” Colonel Nikolai Svechin testified, according to his interrogation protocols. “Although I participated in the civil war, it was not in my heart. I fought eagerly when the war took on the character of an external war (the Caucasus front). I fought for the territorial integrity and preservation of Russia, although it was called the RSFSR” (i.e., Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic). Tynchenko, Golgofa, 146 (citing GA SBU, fp., d. 67093, t. 189 [251], delo Afanas’eva A. V.: 56). See also Suvenirov, Tragediia RKKA, 46–47 (citing AVKVS RF, op. 55, d. 8651, l. 52; RGVA, f. 9, op. 29, d. 10, l. 214: Gamarnik report, May 1931; AVKVS RF, op. 66, d. 2552, l. 1–13).

60. Snesarev had voiced the latter fear after his arrest in late 1930. Zdanovich, Organy, 376 (citing TsA FSB, f. 2, op. 4, d. 774, l. 4).