188. The OGPU’s Balytsky and Artuzov reported to Stalin (March 19, 1932) on new intelligence from an informant in Warsaw regarding the French general staff’s preparation for a military intervention against the USSR that relied on Poland and Japan while attempting to draw in Britain. The report was filled with misspellings of the principal actors (Polish general staff chief Janusz Gąsiorowski listed as Gonsiarowski, French Marshal Pétain as Lecien). Khaustov et al., Glazami razvedki, 329–32 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 185, l. 65–70).
189. Ken, Moskva i pakt, 113–4; Dokumenty i materialy po istorii sovetsko-pol’skikh otnoshenii, V: 492–4 (AVP RF, f. 08, op. 14, d. 137, l. 31–3), 494–6 (l. 13–5), 496–7, 497–8, 498–500, 501; Budurowych, Polish-Soviet Relations, 16–7; Karski, Great Powers, 109. See also Izvestiia, Aug. 27, 28, 30, 1931; DVP SSSR, XIV: 562–4 (Dovgalevsky to Karakhan, Oct. 6, 1931), 566 (Dovgalevsky to Moscow, Oct. 9), 570–2 (Litvinov and Zelezynski: Oct. 14); and Biegański et al., Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations, I: 14–6.
190. D’iakov and Bushueva, Fashistskii mech kovalsia v SSSR, 131–2 (RGVA, f. 33987, op. 3, d. 342, l. 179–80 to Khinchuk). As late as Dec. 1932, the politburo approved the dispatch of four officers to German military academies. Stone, Hammer and Rifle, 198 (citing RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 14, l. 39: Dec. 16, 1932).
191. Kochan, Russia and the Weimar Republic, 159. German diplomats interpreted the Franco-Soviet and Polish-Soviet nonaggression pacts as “a complete change in the course of Soviet foreign policy.” Sluch, “Germano-sovetskie otnosheniia,” 103 (citing AVP RF, f. 082, op. 14, pap. 62, d. 2, l. 365).
192. On April 13, 1932, Piłsudski arrived in Romania, with plans to travel on to Japan, trips that the Soviets viewed as setting the stage for a long-anticipated military pact against USSR; in fact, the Polish president was trying (and failing) to induce his Romanian allies into ratcheting down tensions with Moscow and become part of the broad regional nonaggression commitments. Haslam, Soviet Foreign Policy, 104–5. On April 22, 1932, with Piłsudski in Tokyo, deputy foreign affairs commissar Stomonyakov speculated in a letter to Antonov-Ovseyenko that “in all likelihood he is holding specific military negotiations related to Far Eastern complications for the event of a war between Poland and Romania against the USSR.” Revyakin, “Poland and the Soviet Union,” 79–101 84 (no citation).
193. Stalin might have felt dissatisfied with the information at his disposal, for he had recently received Radek one-on-one for an hour and a half and then ordered creation of an “information bureau” on international affairs inside his secretariat (formalized on April 1, 1932). Effectively an extension of the foreign bureaus of Izvestiya, Radek’s bureau, in theory, had the right to make use of “all existing institutions concerned with economic, political, and military matters in the capitalist countries.” Na prieme, 64 (March 27, 1932); Ken and Rupaov, Politbiuro TsK VKP (b) i otnosheniia SSSR, chast’ 1: 196, 553–4, 574–5; Rupasov, Zapadnoe zagranich’e, 590–2 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 878, l. 5), 592–6 (op. 162, d. 11, l. 135, 143: May 16, 1932); Ken, “Karl Radek i Biuro.” On Radek’s value to Stalin, see Duda, Jenő Varga, 113–4. See also Gronskii, Iz proshlogo, 147. Radek managed to cast the Soviet Union as a champion of peace in Foreign Affairs, the journal of the American establishment, and in May 1932 he would work with Voroshilov on contacts with the American military over a possible common policy toward Japan—which, however, would prove fruitless. Radek, “War in the Far East”; RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 12, l. 113; 173–4; Safronov, SSSR, 369. Stalin counseled Voroshilov on the proper way to engage with the U.S. military. Kvashonkin, Sovetskoe rukovodstvo, 173–4 (RGASPI, f. 74, op. 2, d. 37, l. 46–8: Voroshilov to Stalin, June 6, 1932), 175–6 (RGASPI, f. 74, op. 2, d. 38, l. 66: June 12), 176n3 (f. 17, op. 162, d. 12, l. 194–5: June 20).
194. Danilov et al., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, III: 277–82 (RGASPI, f. 631, op. 5, d. 52, l. 48–53: Feb. 10, 1932).
195. Some foods for those still on lists were derationed (no longer promised). Davies and Wheatcroft, Years of Hunger, 406–7 (March 23, 1932).
196. Davies, Crisis and Progress, 147–54.
197. Danilov et al., Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, III: 312–5 (RGAE, f. 7486, op. 37, d. 236, l. 4–13); Zelenin, Stalinskaia ‘revoliutsiia sverkhu,’ 22–4.
