Stalin полностью

111. According to Molchanov, the “organization” aimed to overturn Soviet power and restore monarchism, and was led by Anna Abrikosova (b. 1882), the daughter of a former Moscow factory owner, and Anna Brilliantova (b. 1906), daughter of a former Menshevik, and financed with Catholic church money. They would be sentenced on Feb. 19, 1934, to either eight or ten years in Gulag. Abrikosova would die in the camp in 1936; the other would be rearrested while in confinement and executed in Oct. 1937. Vinogradov, Genrikh Iagoda, 369–71 (TsA FSB, f. 2, op. 11, d. 1271, l. 1–3: Nov. 20, 1933).

112. In 1934, there would be at least four more. Hoffmann, Hitler’s Personal Security, 24.

113. Bilateral talks had been spurred by U.S. efforts to stabilize world wheat prices in summer 1933. Bowers, “American Diplomacy.” Recognition became official on Nov. 16, 1933. FRUS, 1933, II: 778–840; DVP SSSR, XVI: 609–10 (Litvinov telegrams, Nov. 8, 1933), 621–2 (Nov. 10), 639 (Nov. 15), 640 (joint communique, Nov. 15), 641–55 (exchange of notes and letters, Nov. 16), 655–8 (Litvinov press conference, Nov. 17), 658–60 (Litvinov telegram, Nov. 19), 662–3 (Litvinov telegram, Nov. 18), 655–6 (Kalinin radio address to America, Nov. 20), 666–7 (Litvinov telegrams, Nov. 20), 675 (Litvinov to Roosevelt, Nov. 22), 675–6 (Litvinov telegram, Nov. 22); Izvestiia, Nov. 20 and 23, 1933; http://nsar chive.gwu.edu/coldwar/documents/epi sode-1/fdr-ml.htm; http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14563; http://www.fdrli brary.marist.edu/daybyday/daylog/novem ber-17th-1933. See also Bishop, Roosevelt-Litvinov Agreements; Maddux, Years of Estrangement, 1–26; and Browder, Origins of Soviet-American Diplomacy, 37, 45, 72, 85–6, 95, 99–152.

114. “This success for Soviet diplomacy,” Molotov stated at the central executive committee on Dec. 28, 1933, of the various Soviet bilateral agreements, “is inseparably linked with the name of Comrade Litvinov, whose services are widely recognized, but here we should especially underscore them.” Litvinov was given the floor the next day. DVP SSSR, XVI: 778–81 (at 779), 781–97. Litvinov would take to complaining about his “security” detail. “‘Ne chuvstvovat’ za soboiu topota,’” 123–4 (APRF f. 57, op 1, d. 18, 1. 99–100; Litvinov to Yezhov, Sept. 9, 1935).

115. Lensen, Damned Inheritance, 361–445.

116. Crowley, Japan’s Quest for Autonomy, 190–6.

117. Stalin received considerable intelligence pointing to a Japanese desire for war against the USSR. In late Nov. 1933, after Hirota became Japan’s foreign minister, Stalin received an intercepted letter from the U.S. ambassador in Japan to Washington indicating Hirota’s promotion heralded a more aggressive Japanese posture. That same month, the OGPU sent Stalin intelligence obtained in Paris in the circles of the former prime minister Kokovtsov, who had a document from Japan concerning “the manifest threat to the main Japanese islands over which Soviet squadrons could appear in a few hours . . .” Stalin underscored this passage and wrote, “for Klim.” On Jan. 14, 1934, Artuzov and Agranov sent Stalin a Russian translation of an article published back in April 1933 in a closed journal of the Japanese general staff bruiting war with the Soviet Union. On Feb. 26, Yagoda sent Stalin materials from the Japanese military attaché (Kawabe) assessing the technical level of the Red Army, and stating, “in defense industry the USSR has freed itself of foreign dependence.” Stalin underlined the passage. On March 11, Yagoda sent Stalin materials dispatched by the Japanese military attaché in Turkey to Tokyo (dated Feb. 15) on mobilizing Muslim peoples against the USSR through propaganda, and asking for finances to set it up. The document asserted that “the interests of England and the USSR [are] in irreconcilable contradiction”—a passage Stalin underlined. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 185, l. 126–32; d. 186, l. 1, 37–53, 91–5, 118–26; Crowley, Japan’s Quest for Autonomy, 206; Haslam, Threat from the East, 38–9. Germany learned that Litvinov had expressed fears of a Japanese attack as well as a German-Polish reconciliation, and thus of a triple alliance against the USSR, on a visit to Rome: DGFP, series C, II: 183 (Hassell, Dec. 7, 1933).

118. Moscow Daily News, Dec. 30, 1933. Marx spent eight weeks on tour. Litvinov did the knives routine himself, to Harpo’s surprise, at the final performance. Harpo evidently served as a secret courier, smuggling letters for Ambassador Bullitt by taping sealed envelopes to his leg under his pants. Marx, Harpo Speaks!, 299–337; Fromkin, In the Time of the Americans; Harlow, “Secrets in His Socks.”