Stalin полностью

349. Stalinskie rasstrel’nye spiski.

350. Khlevniuk, “Economic Officials in the Great Terror,” 39.

351. Chuev, Molotov Remembers, 167.

352. Chalaia, Oboronnaia dramaturgiia, 3. See also Kuleshova, “‘Bol’shoi den’”; Kuznetsova, “Esli zavtra voina”; and Scott, Behind the Urals, 197–203 (about the play “Witness Confrontation”). Iu. Olesha and A. Macheret would adapt Confrontation for the big screen as The Mistakes of Engineer Kochin, which would premiere on Dec. 14, 1939 (Mosfilm).

353. Uldricks, “Impact of the Great Purges,” 188–92; Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 130.

354. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 184. Several of the agents who had been assigned to Sedov were diverted to hunt down Soviet NKVD personnel abroad.

355. Mekhlis’s response was to denounce Voroshilov to Stalin for impeding the destruction of additional “enemies.” Rubtsov, Marshaly Stalina, 50–1 (Ivan Ilichev report to Mekhlis; Mekhlis letter to Stalin, Nov. 20, 1938).

356. Primakov, Ocherki, III: 17.

357. Pavel Alliluyev (Stalin’s brother-in-law), Georgy Savchenko, Dmitry Pavlov, Kirill Meretskov, and Grigory Kulik supposedly sent a petition to Voroshilov that further arrests threatened the Red Army with disintegration. No such letter has been seen, only Pavlov’s testimony, under torture, in July 1941 before he was shot. The letter seems to have been written in summer 1938. (Alliluyev died Nov. 2, 1938, in his Moscow office, unexpectedly, the day after returning from a holiday down south.) “Kulik was the main author of the text,” Pavlov was recorded as testifying. “We sent it to Voroshilov but his secretariat informed us that the people’s commissar would not even read our letter and requested us to withdraw it. At this Kulik called us together on a Sunday. We made some changes to the letter and sent it to the General Secretary of the Central Committee with a copy to Voroshilov. The letter argued that the main forces of the counterrevolution had already been liquidated within the army yet the arrest of its commanders continued. Indeed, to such an extent that the army might start to disintegrate . . . We believed that the Government would reduce the arrests.” Bobrenev and Riazantsev, Palachi i zhertvi, 182–3, 186–91.

358. “The whole period of the purges was one of disillusionment and revulsion, the intensity of which, I suppose, accounted for my previous enthusiasm,” confessed E. H. Carr. Cox, E. H. Carr, xviii.

CHAPTER 9. MISSING PIECE

1. Ehrenburg, Memoirs, 421; Ehrenburg, Sobranie sochinenii, IX: 183.

2. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 314.

3. Yezhov also ordered the NKVD secretariat to reduce the number of “workers” and “collective farmers” in reported arrest statistics. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 279. This is hardly the only falsification in arrest statistics.

4. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 416 (citing RGASPI, f. 671, op. 1, d. 271, l. 708).

5. He sometimes also got drunk at a safe house, on Gogol Boulevard, before heading out for “exercise” at Lefortovo. Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 139.

6. Rees, “The People’s Commissariat of Water Transport,” 235–61.

7. In March 1938, Malenkov ordered all leading party organs urgently, not later than the fifteenth of that month, to prepare lists of their members and candidate members who were “Poles, Germans, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Lithuanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Koreans, Chinese, Japanese, Turks, Iranians, English, French, Italian, Hungarians,” and to indicate their place of employment as well as nationality and citizenship. Golubev, “Esli mir obrushitsia na nashu Respubliku,” 82 (citing TsAODM, f. 3, op. 50, d. 74, l. 7).

8. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 348–9.

9. Conquest, Reassessment, 57.

10. Zakovsky was a drinker, and Yezhov’s notes on him refer to conversations about Stalin. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 441.

11. Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 151 (TsA FSB, f. 3–os, op. 6, d. 3, l. 6: testimony of Frinovsky’s son).

12. Shreider, NKVD iznutri, 43. Karutsky shot himself on May 13, 1938. Zakovsky, demoted to the Kuibyshev hydroelectric station, an NKVD object, and arrested there, was executed on Aug. 29, 1938, as an “agent of Polish and German counter-espionage.” Stalin had Zakovsky blamed for arrests that supposedly ruined the naval shipbuilding program, an unwitting admission of the deadly effect of the terror on war preparation. Khaustov and Samuelson, Stalin, NKVD, 242–3 (APRF, f. 3, op. 58, d. 254a, l. 1).

13. Pavliukov, Ezhov, 412.