281. Domarus, Hitler: Reden, III: 1148–79; Domarus, Hitler: Speeches, III: 1561–96; Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 161–2; Muggeridge, Ciano’s Diary, 78; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 133.
282. Haffner, Meaning of Hitler, 32–4.
283. DGFP, series D, VI: 460 (Braun von Stumm, May 9, 1939). The order (“Immediately cease polemics against the Soviet Union and Bolshevism”) was issued on May 5, 1939. Sluch, “Germano-sovetskie otnosheniia,” 110 (citing Politisches Archiv des Auswärtiges Amt, Bonn, Zsg. 101/13: 5).
284. Stehlin, Témoignage pour l’histoire, 147–53; and French Yellow Book, 132–6 (Coulondre to Bonnet, May 7, 1939); Andrew, Secret Service, 423–4. On June 16, Bodenschatz would tell Coulondre that “Germany was making great efforts for an agreement with Russia.”
285. Borev, Staliniada, 182–3. Dunayevsky, the songwriter, would get the Order of Lenin after Volga-Volga. Turovskaia, “Volga-Volga i ego vremia.” On May 7, the annual Kremlin banquet for military academy graduates was held, after a two-year hiatus.
286. Nekrich, Pariahs, 154 (citing RGAE, f. 413, op. 13, d, 2856, l. 5–6).
287. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 3.
288. DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 339–41 (AVP RF, f. 06, op. 1, pap. 7 d. 66, l. 21–4: Astakhov to Molotov, May 6, 1939); God krizisa, I: 457–8 (AVP RF, f. 082, op. 22, pap. 93, d. 7, l. 214–5: Astakhov to Potyomkin, May 12, 1939).
289. On the Germany embassy’s favorable report concerning Litvinov’s dismissal, see DGFP, series D, VI: 419–20 (Tippelskirch, May 4).
290. Ericson, Feeding the German Eagle, 45; Sipols, Tainy, 323–40.
291. Watt, “Initiation of the Negotiations,” 164–5. Alfred Rosenberg, following a conversation with Göring in spring 1939, had noted a willingness to go along with a temporary deal with Moscow out of expediency. United States Holocaust Museum, Alfred Rosenberg’s Diary, 269.
292. Medvedev, Let History Judge, 308–9; Fischer, Life and Death of Stalin, 56. Ehrenburg, along with everyone else, puzzled over why Litvinov had not been arrested. Ehrenburg, Post-War Years, 276–8.
293. Lev Helfand, the Soviet ambassador to Rome, who would defect in July 1940, surmised that Stalin was willing to reach agreement with the British at least through June 1939. Haslam, Russia’s Cold War, 8 (citing a report of Helfand’s Sept. 12, 1940, interview with Neville Butler, Washington, D.C.: FO 371/24845).
294. Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 375–6 (May 5, 1939). See also Gavrilov, Voennaia razvedka informiruet, 153–4 (TsAMO, f. 23, op. 22407, d. 2, l. 183: April 14, 1939, l. 192, 210: April 17 and 26, 1939); and Fesiun, Delo Rikharda Zorge, 98–9.
295. Muggeridge, Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers, 283, 286; Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 78–9, 82, 84–5 (May 7, 14, and 21, 1939).
296. DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 342 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 303, d. 2093, l. 60–1: Molotov to Surits, May 8, 1939), XXII: 546n113 (pap. 294, d. 2036, l. 75: Molotov to Maisky, May 8), XXII/i: 356 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 300, d. 2076, l. 189–90: Maisky to Molotov, May 10); Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 380–2 (May 8, 1939), 383–4 (May 8), 386–8 (May 10, 1939), 687n113; Falin, Soviet Peace Efforts, II: 25–6, 28, 311n113; DBFP, 3rd series, V: 487 (May 8).
297. Sluch, “Germano-sovetskie otnosheniia,” 110 (citing Politisches Archiv des Auswärtiges Amt, Bonn, Schnurre, “Aus einem bewegten Leben,” ms., 74–5). Hilger’s family’s property had been expropriated by the October revolution, yet he had taken part in the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Germany and the Soviet Union and had joined the German embassy staff in 1923. Herwarth, Against Two Evils, 76–7.
298. Teske, General Ernst Köstring, 133–6.
299. DGFP, series D, VI: 494–6 (Ribbentrop to Tokyo, May 15, 1939).
300. Cienciala, “Foreign Policy of Józef Piłsudski”; Meysztowicz, Czas przeszły dokonany, 216; Beck, Final Report, 183–9; Mackiewicz, Colonel Beck and His Policy, 135; Overy, Road to War, 1–23; Von Riekhoff, German-Polish Relations, 329.
301. Potyomkin concluded his report by maintaining that he had summarized the conversation before departing and Beck had confirmed his statement. DVP SSSR, XXII/i: 352 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 296, d. 2047, l. 92: May 10, 1939), 352–4 (d. 2046, l. 122–5: May 10); Gromyko et al., SSSR v bor’be za mir nakanune, 389.
