M. Kozelsky, ‘Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’, Slavic Review, 67/4 (2008), pp. 866–91.
13
M. Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (De Kalb, Ill., 2010), p. 153. For more on the statistics of the emigration, see A. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 35/3 (1987), pp. 356–71. The highest recent estimate is ‘at least 300,000’, in J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton, 1995), p. 17.
14
Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea, p. 151.
15
Ibid., p. 155; A. Fisher, Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars (Istanbul, 1998), p. 127.
16
BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.
17
FO 195/562, ‘Report on the Political and Military State of the Turkish Frontier in Asia’, 16 Nov. 1857; FO 97/424, Dickson to Russell, 17 Mar. 1864; Papers Respecting Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey, 1863–64 (London, 1864).
18
McCarthy, Death and Exile, pp. 35–6.
19
FO 78/1172, Stratford to Clarendon, 31 Jan. 1856; Journal de Constantinople, 4 Feb. 1856; Lady E. Hornby, Constantinople during the Crimean War (London, 1863), pp. 205–8; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), p. 290; D. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire (New York, 1929), p. 74.
20
Badem, ‘The Ottomans’, pp. 291–2.
21
Ibid., pp. 281–3; R. Davison, ‘Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian–Muslim Equality in the 19th Century’, American Historical Review, 59 (1953–4), pp. 862–3.
22
Ibid., p. 861.
23
FO 195/524, Finn to Clarendon, 10, 11, 14 and 29 Apr., 2 May, 6 June 1856; 13 Feb. 1857; E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols. (London 1878), vol. 2, pp. 424–40.
24
Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 2, p. 119; FO 78/1171, Stratford to Porte, 23 Dec. 1856.
25
FO 195/524, Finn to Stratford, 22 July 1857; Finn, Stirring Times, vol. 2, pp. 448–9.
26
See H. Wood, ‘The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law’, American Journal of International Law, 37/2 (Apr. 1943), pp. 262–74.
27
W. Mosse, The Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, 1855–1871: The Story of the Peace Settlement (London, 1963), p. 40.
28
BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 7 Aug. 1856; Mosse, The Rise and Fall, pp. 55 ff.
29
Ibid., p. 93.
30
G. Thurston, ‘The Italian War of 1859 and the Reorientation of Russian Foreign Policy’, Historical Journal, 20/1 (Mar. 1977), pp. 125–6.
31
C. Cavour, Il carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al 1861: A cura della R. Commissione Editrice, 4 vols. (Bologna, 1926), vol. 1, p. 116.
32
Mosse, The Rise and Fall, p. 121.
33
K. Cook, ‘Russia, Austria and the Question of Italy, 1859–1862’, International History Review, 2/4 (Oct. 1980), pp. 542–65; FO 65/574, Napier to Russell, 13 Mar. 1861.
34
A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1955), p. 85.
35
A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 67; A. Kelly, Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers between Necessity and Chance (New Haven, 1998), p. 41.
36
Tolstoy’s Diaries, vol. 1: 1847–1894, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), pp. 96–7.
37
M. Vygon, Krymskie stranitsy zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo (Simferopol, 1978), pp. 29–30, 45–6; H. Troyat, Tolstoy (London, 1970), p. 168.
38
Kelly, Toward Another Shore, p. 41; Vygon, Krymskie stranitsy, p. 37.
39
IRL, f. 57, op. 1, n. 7, 1. 16; RGIA, f. 914, op. 1, d. 68, 11. 1–2.
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