The Crimean War полностью

Napoleon III, Emperor of France aims of for the Crimea Alushta ‘Emperor’s plan’ ambivalent about a pan-European war arouses fears in Europe’s capitals censorship and control of the press control of Canrobert council of war with allied leaders (1855) Danubian principalities for Austria de Morny’s Russian diplomacy decides to visit the Crimea and take charge direct discussions with Tsar Alexander II enthusiasm for war not shared by the public in exile Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum and Grand Duke Constantine and importance of alliance with Britain Italian independence/unification Kerch raid and letter to Queen Victoria looks for ways to bring troops home no firm pledge on Black Sea clauses on-off support for Poles opinion of Turks Palmerston and Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace celebrations peaceful intentions public opinion and purpose of capturing Sevastopol rapprochement with Russia rumours of a plot against search for peace with Russia secret armistice with Austria seeks diplomatic resolution with Russia (1854) ships sent to Aegean suggests broad revolutionary war in Europe supports second Malakhov attack terms for peace with Russia terrified of revolutionary violence (1855) threatens to act alone over Sinope Vienna Conference decisions (1855) see also Louis Napoleon, President of France (later Napoleon III)

Napoleon, Prince Napoleon, General (3rd Division), accused of ‘cowardice’

Napoleon (French steam warship)

Naqshbandiya (Sufi) sect

Nasmyth, Lt Charles (Bombay Artillery), at Silistria

nationalism: in the Balkans Greek Italian Russian Turkish see also Greek independence

NATO, and Warsaw Pact tensions

Naval and Military Bible Society

naval warfare, use of explosive shells

Navarino, battle of (1827)

Nelidov, Barbette, pan-Slav ideas at court

Nepokoichitsky, General

Nesselrode, Karl (Russian Foreign Minister) Alexander II amenable to negotiations blamed for retreat decision (1854) European diplomacy and Franco-Austrian peace terms replaced by Gorchakov sceptical of Tsar Nicholas’s strategy

New Jerusalem Monastery, Tsar Nicholas I and

New Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar)

New York Times (newspaper), article by Marx

New York Tribune (newspaper), article by Marx

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke (Secretary of State for War) Raglan requests sanctions against The Times and Russell urges Raglan to dismiss Generals

Newcastle Guardian (newspaper)

Nice: Napoleon III and union with France

Nicholas I, Tsar: afraid of Austrian invasion Austria rebuffs approaches (1854) Austrian Empire Slavs encouraged Austrian Four Points accepted Balkan strategy believes Austria will join war with Ottomans blamed for the War commends the defenders of Sevastopol compared to Attila deep depression after Inkerman early military interests Evpatoria defeat and (1855) excessive faith in link with Franz Joseph fear of assassination by Poles fears collapse of Russian Empire feelings of betrayal by Austrians final ultimatum to Turks (1853) grievances against Western powers hereditary mental illness Holy Land religious rights and intransigent response to Western negotiations learns of Balaklava success legitimist principles letter to Gen Gorchakov in London (1844) loss of confidence after Inkerman and Evpatoria meets Pope Gregory XVI (1845) misconceptions about British government and monarchy mobilizes army without consulting ministers (1852) objects to British warships in Dardanelles opposition to French July revolution (1830) orders last assault on Silistria orders offensive against Evpatoria (1855) Orthodox uprisings hoped for overlooked strategic danger in Sevastopol pan-Slavism and Paskevich’s plans persecution of Catholics plans for containment of France with Britain plans partition of Ottoman Empire Polish alienation prepared to stir up Italy and Spain relations with Napoleon III reputation restored in Putin’s Russia Russia’s religious destiny and the crusade for Orthodoxy trust in ‘Generals January and February’ wants major offensive against Ottomans (1853) warning to Wallachian deserters death of

Niel, Gen Adolphe (French military engineer)

Nightingale, Florence: early life asked to provide nursing help for soldiers chooses her nurses Alexis Soyer and at Scutari rejects help from Seacole bronze statue added to Guards’ Memorial the ‘Lady with the Lamp’ legend post war celebrity ‘The True Story of the Nuns of Minsk

Nikitenko, Alexander, despair over state of Russia

Nikolaev

Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke army withdrawal to Danube comment on Menshikov Russo-Turkish War (1877 – 8)

Nikon, Orthodox Patriarch

Nogai nomads (Crimea)

Noir, Louis, Zouave officer: examples of combat stress impressions of British troops with Yusuf’s Bashi Bazouks at Alma at Inkerman trench digging at Sevastopol winter (1854 – 55)

Nolan, Capt Louis (15th Hussars)

Northern Liberator (Chartist newspaper)

Norway, Palmerston’s plans and