132. Ogonek, no. 13 (1963).
133. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 8.
134. Simon Wolin and Robert M. Slusser, The Soviet Secret Police (New York, 1957), p. 194.
135. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71 (1969).
136. Pravda, 29 April 1988.
137. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 4 (1989).
138. Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” pp. 72, 75.
139. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 8.
140. G. A. Tokaev, Betrayal of an Ideal (London, 1954), p. 244.
141. Marshal S. T. Biryuzov, Sovetskii soldat na Balkanakh (Moscow, 1963), p. 141.
142. A. T. Stuchenko, Zavidnaya nasha sudba (Moscow, 1964), p. 63.
143. Ibid., p. 64.
144. Barmine, One Who Survived, pp. 6–8.
145. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life, p. 104.
146. L. T. Starinov, Miny zhdut svoego chasa (Moscow, 1964), pp. 149–66.
147. Moscow News, no. 14 (1988).
148. Biriuzov, Sovetskii soldat, pp. 137, 143.
149. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life, p. 104.
150. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), pp. 422–23.
151. Ogonek, no. 46 (1988).
152. Stuchenko, Zavidnaya nasha sudba.
153. Byelarus, no. 7 (1965).
154. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v sovetskoy armii i flote, pp. 299–300.
155. Krasnaya zvezda, 2 June 1937.
156. L. Gaglov and I. Selishchev, Komissary (Moscow, 1961).
157. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v sovetskoy armii i flote, p. 302; Kommunist, 27 September 1988.
158. Krasnaya zvezda, 1 June 1937.
159. Genri, in Grani.
160. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v sovetskoy armii i flote, pp. 299–300.
161. Ibid., p. 302.
162. Ibid., pp. 301–2.
163. Ibid., p. 302.
164. Ibid., p. 304.
165. Ibid., p. 312.
166. Ibid., p. 303n.
167. Ibid., pp. 299–300.
168. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 5th ed., vol. 51 (Moscow, 1965).
169. A. Dyakov, in Oktyabr’, no. 7 (1964).
170. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life, p. 107.
171. Ibid., pp. 108ff.
172. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, pp. 96–97.
173. Khrushchev, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
174. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 48.
175. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
176. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 27.
177. Krasnaya zvezda, 2 March 1965.
178. Komsomolskaya pravda, 13 November 1964.
179. Blagoy Popov, Ot Layptsigskiya protses v Sibirskie lageri (Paris, 1979), p. 41.
180. Sovetskaya Bukovina, 10 February 1965.
181. Ilya Ehrenburg, in Novyy mir, no. 5 (1962).
182. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 241.
183. Ilya Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life (New York, 1961), vol. 4, pp. 152, 146.
184. Pod znamenam Ispanskoy respubliki (Moscow, 1965), p. 190.
185. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (London, 1962), p. 13.
186. Genri, in Grani.
187. Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 475.
188. Tevosyan, speech to the XVIIIth Party Congress.
189. Ibid.
190. R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 246.
191. Ibid.; S. E. Zakharov et al., Tikhookeanskiy flot (Moscow, 1966).
192. Novyy mir, no. 8 (1961), pp. 160–83.
193. Petrov, Partiynoe stroitel’ stvo v sovetskoy armii i flote, p. 301.
194. Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 6 (1963).
195. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 246.
196. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
197. Pravda, 17 February 1964.
198. Boris Souvarine, Stalin (London, 1949), p. 258.
199. Geroi grazhdanskoy voyny (Moscow, 1963), p. 330.
200. Barmine, One Who Survived, p. 95.
201. Oktyabr’, no. 12 (1988).
202. Pravda, 3 April 1964.
203. Erickson, Soviet High Command, pp. 66–67.
204. Pravda, 7 October 1988.
205. Nedelya, 6 February 1989.
206. G. Lyushkov, in Kaizo, April 1939.
207. Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (New York, 1970), p. 88.
Chapter 8: The Party Crushed
1. Pravda, 14 April 1937.
2. I. V. Spiridonov, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
3. Pravda, 21 March 1937.
4. D. A. Lazurkina, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
5. Pravda, 30 May 1937.
6. Pravda, 5 June 1938.
