181. Literaturnaya gazeta, 9 December 1987.
182. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 145.
183. Moscow News, no. 28 (1988).
184. Ibid., p. 147.
185. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, pp. 63–64.
186. N. Mandelshtam, Hope Against Hope (New York, 1970), p. 356.
187. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 281.
188. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 97.
189. Ibid., p. 122.
190. Khrushchev, Secret Speech.
191. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 238.
192. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (1965).
193. Kravchenko, 1 Chose Justice, pp. 177–79.
194. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 102.
195. Arthur Koestler, Introduction to Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence.
196. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 102.
197. Ibid.
198. Arthur Koestler, in The God That Failed, ed. Richard E. Crossman (London, 1950), p. 77.
199. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 46.
200. Ibid.
201. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 122.
202. A. Dyakov, in Oktyabr’, no. 7 (1964).
203. Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence, p. 231.
204. Ibid., pp. 368–69.
205. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 47.
206. Ibid.
207. Lengyel, From Beginning to End, pp. 92–93.
208. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 248.
209. Neumann, Under Two Dictators, p. 183.
210. Izvestiya, 6 September 1964.
211. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 52.
212. Ibid., pp. 130–31.
213. Krasnaya zvezda, 8 April 1989.
214. Sorok let Sovetskogo prava (Leningrad, 1957), p. 486.
215. A. A. Piontkovskiy and V. D. Menshagin, Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo pravda (Moscow, 1955), p. 187.
216. Sorok let Sovetskogo prava, pp. 485–504.
217. Piontkovskiy and Menshagin, Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo pravda, p. 187.
218. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 91.
219. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (1965).
220. Ibid.
221. Ibid.
222. Ibid.
223. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p.48.
224. Simon Wolin and Robert M. Slusser, The Soviet Secret Police (New York, 1957), p. 186.
225. Petrov, Soviet Gold, p. 64.
226. Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, p. 188.
227. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 105.
228. Ibid., p. 88.
229. Blagoy Popov, Ot Layptsigskiya protses v Sibirskie lageri (Paris, 1979), p. 36.
230. X. Kulski, The Soviet Regime (Syracuse, N.Y., 1954), pp. 233–34.
231. Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, passim.
232. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (1965).
233. Ibid.
234. See Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, passim; Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, pp. 33–34.
235. Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, p. 191.
236. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 313.
237. Ibid., p. 312.
238. Antonov-Ovseenko, Time of Stalin, p. 59.
239. V. Petrov and E. Petrov, Empire of Fear (London, 1956), p. 89.
240. Wolin and Slusser, Soviet Secret Police, p. 134.
241. U.S.S.R. Laws 1937, vol. 61, p. 266.
242. Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 62.
243. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 207.
244. Avtorkhanov, Reign of Stalin, p. 147.
245. I. I. Evtikhiev and V. A. Vlasov, Administrativnoe pravo SSSR (Moscow, 1946), p. 191; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 10 (1989).
246. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, pp. 305–6; Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 2 (1988); Moscow News, nos. 18 and 48 (1988).
247. Petrov and Petrov, Empire of Fear, 73–75.
248. Pravda Ukrainy, 4 May 1989.
249. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 72.
250. Spiridonov, speech to the XXIInd Party Congress.
251. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 3 (1965).
252. Petrov and Petrov, Empire of Fear, p. 71.
