The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Historians' History of the World in
Twenty-Five Volumes, Volume 08, by Various
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
Title: The Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes, Volume 08
Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; The Crusades and the Papacy
Author: Various
Editor: Henry Smith Williams
Release Date: October 17, 2020 [EBook #63489]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIANS' HISTORY OF THE WORLD, VOL 8 ***
Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)
Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.
THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
NÖLDEKE
THE HISTORIANS’
HISTORY
OF THE WORLD
A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations
as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of
all ages: edited, with the assistance of a distinguished
board of advisers and contributors,
by
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.
IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES
VOLUME VIII—PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS
THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY
The Outlook Company
New York
The History Association
London
1904
Copyright, 1904,
By HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.
Press of J. J. Little & Co.
New York, U. S. A.
Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.
Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.
Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.
Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.
Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of Michigan.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.
Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.
Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.
Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.
Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.
Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.
Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of Berlin.
Prof. H. Marnali, University of Budapest.
Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.
Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.
Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.
Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.
Prof. F. York Powell, Oxford University.
Dr. John P. Peters, New York.
Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.
Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.
Prof. W. L. Fleming, University of West Virginia.
Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.
CONTENTS
VOLUME VIII
PART XII. PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS
PAGE
Introductory Essay. The Scope and Influence of Arabic History.
By Dr. Theodor Nöldeke
1
History in Outline of Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs
(250
B.C.
-1375
A.D.
)
25
CHAPTER I
The Parthian Empire
(250
B.C.
-228
A.D.
)
47
Justin’s account of the Parthians,
47
. Their customs,
48
. Seleucus and Arsaces,
49
. Wars with Rome,
51
. Modern accounts of Parthia,
53
. The Parthian empire,
53
. Arsaces and the Arsacids,
54
. Bactria and Parthia consolidate,
55
. Conquests of Mithridates,
57
. Media and Babylonia conquered,
58
. Parthian “kingdoms,”
59
. Scythian conquest of Bactria,
60
. The Scythians ravage Parthia,
61
. First conflict with Rome,
62
. Orodes defeats the Romans,
63
. Plutarch’s account of the battle of Carrhæ,
63
. Phraates IV repels Mark Antony,
68
. Anarchy in Parthia,
70
. The Romans intervene,
72
. The decay of Parthian greatness,
74
. Persia conquers Parthia,
75
.
CHAPTER II
The Empire of the Sassanids
(228-750
A.D.
)
76
Sassanian power,
77
. Sapor fights Rome,
78
. The war with Palmyra,
79
. A new war with Rome,
81
. Ardashir II to Bahram IV,
82
. The rule of Yezdegerd I,
83
. The Arabs aid in war with Rome,
84
. War with the Hephthalites,
85
. Kavadh I,
86
. New conflict with Rome,
86
. Exploits of Mundhir,
87
. Chosroes the Just,
88
. Chosroes attacks Rome,
88
. Hormuzd IV,
91
. Civil war,
91
. Vices of Chosroes II,
93
. Conflict with Heraclius; fall of Chosroes II,
94
. Successors of Chosroes II,
95
. Anarchy and chaos,
96
. Arab incursions,
97
. Arab conquest,
98
.
CHAPTER III
Early History of the Arabs
(
2500
B.C.
-622
A.D.
)
100
Arab history before Mohammed,
105
.
CHAPTER IV
Mohammed
(570-632
A.D.
)
111
Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul-Muttalib,
111
. Religious unrest,
111
. Mohammed’s life,
113
. His marriage with Khadija,
113
. Mohammed as a prophet,
115
. Mohammed an outlaw,
116
