*Parvus first formulated the theory of “uninterrupted” or “permanent” revolution (without, however, using either name) in the introduction to Trotsky’s pamphlet Do deviatogo Ianvaria (Geneva, 1905), pp. iii-xiv, dated Munich, January 18/31, 1905. On this subject, see Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921 (New York-London, 1954), 112–14, 118–19, 149–62, and Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau, The Merchant of the Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) (London, 1965), 76–79. The concept of “Revolution in Permanence” had been briefly promoted by Marx in 1848: Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 77.
†Lenin, PSS, XI, 222. Both Wolfe (Three, 291–94) and Schapiro (Communist Party, 77–78) believe this statement to be an aberration on Lenin’s part, because he subsequently said on many occasions that Russia could not bypass the “capitalist” and “democratic” phase. But as his behavior in 1917 would reveal, he only paid lip service to the idea of a “democratic” revolution: his true strategy called for an immediate transition from “bourgeois” democracy to the “dictatorship of the proletariat.”
*Proletarii, August 21, 1906, No. 1, in A. I. Spiridovich, Istoriia Bol’shevizma v Rossii (Paris, 1922), 138. The Okhrana, whose agents kept it well informed on Bolshevik affairs, reported shortly before the February Revolution that Lenin was not opposed to terror but thought that the SRs attached too much importance to it: Report dated December 24, 1916/January 6, 1917, Hoover Institution, Okhrana Archives, Index No. XVIIa-XVIId, Folder 5, No. R. As we shall note, his organization supplied the SRs with explosives for their terrorist operations.
*These facts did not escape Stalin. Referring to the Fifth Congress, which he had attended, he wrote: “Statistics showed that the majority of the Menshevik faction consists of Jews.… On the other hand, the overwhelming majority of the Bolshevik faction consists of Russians.… In this connection, one of the Bolsheviks observed in jest (it seems it was Comrade Aleksinskii) that the Mensheviks are a Jewish faction, the Bolsheviks a genuine Russian faction, hence it would not be a bad idea for us Bolsheviks to organize a pogrom in the party”: I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia, II (Moscow, 1946) 50–51.
*Krasin’s employment by this German electronics firm may not have been fortuitous. According to the head of Russian counterintelligence in 1917, Siemens had used its agencies for purposes of espionage, which led to the shutting down of its office in southern Russia: B. Nikitin, Rokovye gody (Paris, 1937), 118.
*The importance of such subsidies was stressed by Lenin in a letter of December 1904 to a potential donor: “Our undertaking is faced with bankruptcy if we do not hold out with the help of extraordinary resources for at least half a year. And in order to hold out without cutting back, we need a minimum of two thousand rubles a month”: Lenin, PSS, XLVI, 433.
*Padenie, V, 69, and I, 315. He abolished police cells in the armed forces and in secondary schools, on the grounds that it was improper for men in uniform and students to inform on each other. S. P. Beletskii, the director of the Police Department and Malinovskii’s immediate supervisor, believed that these measures disorganized the work of political counterintelligence: Ibid., V, 70–71, 75. Beletskii was shot in September 1918 by the Cheka in the first wave of the Red Terror.
*The possibility has been raised that Dzhunkovskii fired Malinovskii because he was alarmed by the effect his inflammatory Duma speeches were having on workers at a time when Russia was in the grip of a new wave of industrial strikes: Ralph Carter Elwood, Roman Malinovsky (Newtonville, Mass., 1977), 41–43.
†Lenin, PSS, XXV, 394. In 1915, Malinovskii volunteered for the Russian armies in France. Wounded and captured by the Germans, he conducted pro-German propaganda among Russian prisoners of war. During this time, he maintained a regular correspondence with Lenin: Padenie, VII, 374; Elwood, Malinovsky, 59; Grigorii Aronson, Rossiia nakanune Revoliutsii (New York, 1962), 53–54.
*Vestnik Vremennogo Pravitel’stva, No. 81/127 (June 16, 1917), 3. Lenin’s testimony on Malinovskii is published neither in the multivolume edition of the commission’s records (Padenie) nor in his Collected Works.
