*On May 24, the French Consul General in Moscow, Grenard, who served as intermediary between the French Ambassador and Savinkov, advised Noulens that Savinkov was planning to stage an anti-Bolshevik uprising in the middle of June in the Volga area. That Noulens needed this information, not quite correct in any event, confirms his claim that he had not been involved in Savinkov’s plot: Noulens, Mon Ambassade, II, 109–10. The Grenard dispatch is in the Archive of the French Foreign Ministry, Guerre, Vol. 671, Noulens No. 318, May 24, 1918.
†Boris Savinkov, Bor’ba s Bol’shevikami (Warsaw, 1923), 26. A. I. Denikin, Ocherki Russkoi Smuty, III (Berlin, 1924), 79, claims that the actual figure was 2,000–3,000.
*Krasnaia Kniga VChK, I (Moscow, 1920), 1–42. At his trial in 1924 (Boris Savinkov pered Voennoi Kollegiei Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR, Moscow, 1924, 46–47), Savinkov denied having had a formal program.
* A recent study by Michael Carley, Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919 (Kingston-Montreal, 1983), 57–60, 67–70, places rather more direct responsibility on the French, but it confuses general assistance given Savinkov with involvement in his uprising.
*Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 237–38. It seems that Lenin was planning to move the seat of government to Nizhnii Novgorod: Ibid., 237, note 38. In 1920, Lenin told Bertrand Russell that two years earlier neither he nor his colleagues had believed their regime stood a chance of surviving. Bertrand Russell, Bolshevism: Practice and Theory (New York, 1920), 40.
*In his brief recollections of this episode—apparently its only mention in Soviet literature—Chicherin, while confirming Helfferich’s account, indicates that the matter was settled by Lenin personally: “Lenin i vneshniaia politika,” Mirovaia politika v 1924 godu (Moscow, 1925), 5. See also his article in Izvestiia, No. 24/2059 (January 30, 1924), 2–3.
*Kurt Riezler, who at this point fades from the picture, returned after the war to his professorship in Frankfurt. When Hitler took power, he emigrated to the United States, where until his death in 1955 he taught at the New School for Social Research in New York City.
*Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 315–16. Vatsetis served as Soviet CIC until the summer of 1919, when he was arrested on charges of participating in a “counterrevolutionary conspiracy.” After being released, he taught at the Soviet Military Academy. In 1938, during a classroom break, he was rearrested and soon afterward executed: Pamiat’, No. 2 (1979), 9–10.
At about the same time the Cheka, then directed by the Latvians M.I. Latsis and Ia. Kh. Peters, engaged in a classic Russian police provocation. It sent a Latvian officer to Lockhart to say that his men were ready to abandon the Bolsheviks. Lockhart turned them over to the British intelligence agent Sidney Reilly, who gave them a considerable sum of money. This ploy was later used to justify Lockhart’s arrest. See IA, No. 4 (1962), 234–37, and Uldis Germanis, Oberst Vacietis (Stockholm, 1974), 35.
*The text of the treaty, minus one of the three secret clauses, is reproduced by J. Wheeler-Bennett in Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace (New York, 1956), 427–46.
*This clause was first published in Europäische Gespräche, IV, No. 3 (1926), 149–53. It is reproduced in Wheeler-Bennett, Forgotten Peace, 436.
* Europäische Gespräche, IV, No. 3 (1926), 150. Ioffe’s acceptance: Europäische Gespräche, 152. Cf. H. W. Gatzke in VZ, III, No. 1 (January 1955), 96–97.
†Baumgart, Ostpolitik, 203. This third secret clause became public knowledge only after World War II. It was first published by Baumgart in Historisches Jahrbuch, LXXXIX (1969), 146–48.
*Ioffe in VZh, No. 5 (1919), 45. Because of his close association with Trotsky, Ioffe later fell into disgrace: he committed suicide in 1927. See Lev Trotskii, Portrety revoliutsionerov (Benson, Vt, 1988), 377–401.
*This point is vigorously and persuasively argued by Brian Pearce in How Haig Saved Lenin (London, 1987).
15
“War Communism”
The term “War Communism” has acquired over the years in Communist and non-Communist literature a precise meaning. In the words of the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia:
