Cheka, 510 and n, 512, 525, 527, 528, 534–5, 549, 607, 622–3, 626, 627, 629, 630, 631–2, 633, 635, 640, 641–7, 648, 649, 677, 684, 685, 696 and n, 697, 745, 746, 760, 763, 769, 774, 779, 785, 795, 813, 820; in Left SR uprising, 633–5; renamed GPU, 795; torture used by, 645–7. See also KGB; Red Terror
Chekhov, Anton, 43–4, 47, 50, 51, 159–60; The Cherry Orchard, 47–8; The Criminal, 101; Peasants, 88; The Three Sisters, 44
Cheliabinsk, 577, 654, 753
Cheremukhin, brigade leader, 619, 752
Chernigov, 49, 106, 520
Chernov, Viktor, 20, 21, 161, 180, 323, 364, 383, 420, 429–30, 438, 441, 443, 460, 464, 469, 502, 510, 516, 578, 586, 588n; Delo naroda, 390–1
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 122, 129, 131, 145, 146, 733; The Contemporary, 129; What Is to Be Done?, 123 and n, 130–1, 150, 389
Chicherin, Boris, 40, 126
Chicherin, G. V., 548
Chkheidze, Nikolai, 288, 323, 324, 325, 326, 334, 337, 425, 430, 431–2, 459
Chukovsky, Kornei, 606, 784–5
Church, Russian Orthodox, 14, 28–9, 33, 41, 61–9, 74, 160 and n, 227, 246, 247, 248, 277, 349–50, 755; and Bolsheviks, 745–9; place in tsarist system, 35, 61–4, 69; position of clergy, 63, 67–8; reform movement in, 68; and religious toleration, 68, 69, 227; rural influence, 65–8; urban influence, 64–5
Churchill, Winston, 544 and n
Civil war, 384, 453, 499, 502, 549, 551, 557–8, 562–7, 575, 576–8, 580–1, 583–4, 590, 592, 593, 594, 595, 597, 598, 602–3, 613–14, 615–16, 622, 626, 627, 639, 649, 652–82 passim, 683, 700, 704, 723, 761; Denikin’s offensive and advance on Moscow, 660–70; Kolchak’s offensive, 652–60; Yudenich’s offensive against Petrograd, 670–5, 681; Wrangel’s campaign, 716–20
Classes: see Social structure
Clergy: see Church
Co-operatives, 612, 789–90
Collective and state farms, collectivization, 729–30, 789, 793
Comintern, 550, 701, 769
Committee for the Salvation of Russia and the Revolution, 497, 502
Committee for Struggle Against the Counter-Revolution, Soviet, 452, 455, 480
Committees of the Rural Poor (kombedy), 620–1
Communist Party, Communists, Communism: see Bolshevik Party
Congress of the Peoples of the East (Baku: 1920), 703–4
Constantinople, 247, 249, 380, 680, 712, 719
Constituent Assembly, 82n, 217, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 366, 371, 373, 375, 376, 377, 420, 455, 465, 467, 468, 501, 502, 512, 529, 536n, 550, 568, 570, 576, 578, 580, 581, 585, 588 and n, 616, 625, 672, 759, 761, 811, 812; closure of, 513–17, 518, 519; elections to, 507–9
Constitutional Democratic Party: see Kadet Party
Cossacks, 58, 103, 167, 177, 184, 189, 199, 201, 269, 308, 309, 310, 311, 315, 411, 413, 428, 436, 439, 440, 441, 442, 453, 486, 487, 497, 498, 502, 564, 568, 570, 583, 586, 651, 653, 655, 657, 658, 659, 660–1, 662, 663, 666, 675, 676, 678–9, 710, 719; Don, 556–7, 561–2, 565–6, 567, 570, 571, 575, 670, 679, 710, 753; Kuban, 567, 570–1, 664, 675, 753
Council of Labour and Defence (STO), 688
Courland, 542, 548
Crane, Charles, 650, 651–2
Crimea, 16, 54, 217, 293n, 526, 573, 679, 680, 716–20
Crimean War, 39, 54, 56, 57, 58, 267
Crowds in revolution, 176, 178, 317; composition of, 308, 309, 319–21, 492–4, 495–6; self-organization, 318–19; and violence, 188–9, 321–2, 328, 494–5
Custine, Marquis de, 71, 123
Czech Legion, 576–8, 580, 581, 584, 639, 642n
Czechoslovakia, Czechs, 566, 576, 584, 586, 590, 594, 626, 659, 702, 817
Dan, Fedor, 211n, 323, 431, 457, 478, 482, 510, 645, 667, 759
Dan, Lydia, 125 and n, 140, 149, 151, 153, 161–2
Dashnaktsutiun, 712, 713
Deaths: in revolution and civil war, xi, 605, 649, 679, 773–4
Decembrists, 119, 122, 123, 126, 149
Declaration of the Rights of the Working People, 513, 516, 517, 529
Decree on Land, 685
Decree on Nationalization, 626
Decree on Peace, 536–7, 538
Decree on the Separation of Church and State (1918), 528, 745
Decree on the Socialist Fatherland in Danger!, 547
Decree on Workers’ Control, 611, 623
Democratic Centralists, 731–2, 764, 799
Democratic Conference (1917), 455, 466–7, 469, 470, 477
Denike, George, 190, 392
Denikin, General Anton, 81, 266, 444, 453, 520–1, 558, 564, 565, 566–8, 569, 571, 572, 573, 575, 586, 587, 588, 598, 619, 639, 652, 654, 656, 657, 660–70, 674, 675, 676, 677, 679–80, 681, 697, 707, 716, 717, 718, 719, 721, 812; Moscow Directive issued by, 662–3, 679, 680
Deurbanization, 609–10
Dmitry Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 289–91
Dogger Bank Inquiry, 170
Don region, 556, 557, 558, 559, 561–3, 565–7, 596, 660, 662, 666, 719, 753, 769, 776. See also Cossacks
Donbass region, 660, 661, 665, 757
Dostoevsky, Fedor, 7n, 66, 87, 449; The Brothers Karamazov, 28; Diary of a Writer, 87; The Little Hero, 123; Poor Folk, 130; The Possessed, 133 and n, 390
Dragomirov, General Mikhail, 170, 568, 664, 678
Dukhonin, General Nikolai, 541, 558
