Smolny Institute, 217, 389, 452, 459, 472, 474–5, 479, 480, 482, 483–4, 486, 494, 496, 500, 501, 504, 509, 516, 537, 545, 589, 627, 673, 674, 683; corruption in, 682; Petrograd Soviet housed in, 438, 452, 459, 472, 474; Second All-Russian Soviet Congress (October 1917), 470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 481, 483, 484, 485, 489–90, 498, 512, 589
Snowden, Ethel, 605
Social Democrats, Social Democracy, 147–8, 149 and n, 150, 151, 152, 218, 225, 292. See also Bolsheviks, Marxism, Mensheviks
Social structure, 35, 43, 44, 162–3; merchantry, 161; domination of nobility, 35, 54; and nationality, 80; and rationing system, 726–7; weakness of middle classes, 43, 163–4
Socialist Encyclopedia, 736
Socialist Revolutionaries, Socialist Revolutionary Party, 161, 218, 225, 293, 294, 301, 325, 372, 383, 395, 457, 458, 459, 467–8, 471, 472, 478, 482, 490–1, 502, 507, 508, 515, 516, 517–20, 576, 577–8, 584, 585, 587, 624–5, 626, 685 and n, 692, 755, 760; Left SRs, 464–5, 468, 480–1, 489, 491, 505, 507, 512, 513, 516, 517, 539, 549, 550, 592, 631, 632–5; reluctance to form Soviet government, 331–4, 384, 431, 436, 464–9, 490; Trial (1922), 629n, 769
Sokolnikov, Grigorii, 548
Sokolov, Boris, 315, 517, 518, 519
Sokolov, N. A., 675; The Murder of the Imperial Family, 641
Sokolov, N. D., 324, 330, 334, 440–1
Soldiers, 55, 56, 57, 58, 257–8, 261, 303, 325, 327, 346, 350–1, 379–80, 414, 415–18, 454; soldiers’ committees, 378, 438, 444, 591; violence against officers, 378–9, 438–41, 541, 599
Solovki, concentration camp, 767
Solovyov, Vladimir, 179, 208
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 66
Sormovo, 110
Sorokin, Pitirim, 322, 510, 515, 773n
Soskice, David, 456, 479
Soviet Union Treaty (1924), 799
Soviets, 190, 199, 359, 369, 458–9, 460–1, 465, 502–3, 505–7, 512, 513, 520, 612, 626, 684–90, 756, 761, 762, 811, 812; Northern Regional Congress of Soviets, 475, 476; rural Soviets, 463–4, 505 and n, 506, 510, 512, 519, 579–80, 617–18, 689–90, 752, 791–2; ALL-RUSSIAN CONGRESSES: First, 375–6, 397; Second, 470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 489–91, 492, 498, 512, 589; Third, 517; Fifth, 633, 634, 639; Sixth, 621; PETROGRAD SOVIET: 190, 199, 204, 217, 322, 324–6, 327–31, 334–8, 349, 359, 360, 367, 376, 381, 382–3, 395, 397–8, 407, 409, 410, 413, 414n, 422, 435–6, 438, 443, 444, 447, 452, 470, 476, 477, 481, 485, 636; Bolsheviks win first majority in, 455, 459; Duma’s negotiations with, 334–8; in July Days, 423, 424–33, 435–6; Military Commission, 327, 330; Order Number One, 330–1, 378, 411, 414, 440; transferred to Smolny Institute from Tauride Palace, 438, 474
Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars), 501, 504–5, 506–7, 508, 510, 511 and n, 512, 513, 626, 631, 632, 641, 647, 782, 795–6, 804
Spala: imperial hunting estate, 30
Spartacist Revolt, Berlin, 701
Speshnev, Nikolai, 128
Spiridonova, Maria, 512, 633, 634, 635
Stalin, Josef, 11, 90n, 142, 276, 296, 297, 391, 396, 397, 433n, 544, 592, 593 and n, 594, 613, 649, 662n, 675n, 686, 699, 701, 702, 706, 707, 709, 710, 714, 715, 716, 737, 738, 765, 793–801, 812, 818, 819; autonomization plan of, 798; Chairman of Secretariat, 794, 795; Commissar for Nationalities, 794, 798; country mansion of, 684; General Secretary of Party (1922), 765, 794; and Gorky, 821–3; growing power and ambitions of, 794–5, 800; head of Orgburo, 794, 807; head of Rabkrin, 694, 794; Krupskaya incident, 800–1; Lenin’s illness and death, 793, 795, 797, 800–1, 805, 806; Lenin’s suspicions and condemnation of, 795–7, 798–801; Lenin’s Testament, 797, 798–800, 801–2 and n; patronage of, 693; People’s Commissar for State Control, 682; rivalry between Trotsky and, 592, 593, 660n, 794, 795–7, 800, 801–4
Stanislavsky, Stanislas, 437 and n, 736, 779
Stankevich, V. B., 336, 391
Stashkov, Roman, 540–1
Stasova, Elena, 664
State Council, 216, 219, 220, 227, 228, 229, 274
State Unity Council, 568
Statute on Socialist Land Organization, (1919), 729–30
Stavka, 258, 259, 261, 269, 279, 281, 282, 287, 288, 339, 342, 406, 442, 444, 446, 453, 502, 541, 558
Stavropol, 526, 567
Steinberg, I. N., 512, 536, 635
Steklov, Iurii, 333, 334
Stepniak, S. M., 136
Stepun, F. A., 446, 448
Stockholm Peace Conference, 409
Stolypin, P. A., 22, 24, 34, 44, 45, 220, 221–31, 246, 288, 363, 573, 718, 786; assassination of (1911), 211, 227, 230, 231; Governor of Saratov, 223; Marshal of the Kovno nobility, 222–3; Minister of the Interior, 223; Prime Minister (1906–11), 220, 221, 222, 223–30; reforms of, 54, 99 and n, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227–9, 230–2, 235, 237–8, 239, 240, 241, 786
Struve, Petr, 43, 141, 148, 162, 167, 168–9 and n, 209, 247, 389, 412, 559–60, 571, 652n
Struve, V. V., 251, 389
Stürmer, Boris, 278, 284, 288
Subbotniki, 725–6
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 311, 318, 321, 322, 323–4, 330, 334, 335, 383, 387, 397, 425, 426, 430, 452, 459, 472, 489, 490, 589, 794
Sukhomlinov, General V. A., 61, 259, 262, 268, 273, 275, 286
Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid, 709–10
Sumy Republic, 183
Susanin, Ivan, 10–11
Suzdal, 5; zemstvo, 53
Sverdlov, Yakov, 293n, 396, 397, 506, 636–7, 638, 639, 641, 686
