103. Ariel C. Armony, Argentina, the United States, and the Anti-Communist Crusade in Central America (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1997), xiii, 35–46. Carter’s human rights policy was undercut by the CIA. Argentine intelligence operative Leandro Sánchez Reisse testified to a U.S. congressional subcommittee in 1987 how Argentine intelligence set up, with the sanction of the CIA, a Condor base in Miami in 1978. The base then handled both drug money–laundering and counterinsurgency operations in Latin America on behalf of both Argentina and the CIA (Armony, Argentina, the United States, and the Anti-Communist Crusade in Central America, 46–47; McSherry, Predatory States, 212–13).
104. Bertil Lintner, Blood Brothers: The Criminal Underworld of Asia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 8–9.
105. Frank Viviano, “Hong Kong Triads’ New Frontier,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 25, 1997, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/
archive/1997/05/28/MN25477.DTL. Cf. Fredric Dannen, “Partners in Crime, Part II,” New Republic, July 14/21, 1997: “In a recent issue of Apple Daily, Hong Kong’s leading Chinese-language newspaper, a reputed member of the 14K triad society boasted that he and his triad brothers had established ‘terrific guanxi’ with Communist officials, and cited a thriving partnership in cross-border prostitution.”
Chapter 2: Mexico, Drugs, the DFS, and the United States
1. From U.S. government investigative file, in Jamie Dettmer, “Family Affairs—Mexican Businessman and Politician Carlos Hank Gonzalez Allegedly Involved in Drug Trade,” Insight, March 29, 1999, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_12_15/ai_54246287.
2. A border used for major smuggling typically induces corruption on both sides. For example, in April 2006 a former head of the FBI in El Paso was indicted on five counts of lying in connection with the investigation into gifts he had received from a Mexican racetrack owner whom Mexican officials alleged was a member of a drug cartel (Reuters, April 12, 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12292463).
3. In chapter 6, I shall make a similar argument, that a “metagroup” in the global narcosystem was able to control specific actions by the Russian government.
4. The term “narcodemocracy” received currency in 1995 with the publication of Eduardo Valle’s El Segundo disparo: La narcodemocracia mexicana (The Second Shot: The Mexican Narcodemocracy) (Mexico City: Oceano, 1995). Cf. Leonardo Curzio, “Organized Crime and Political Campaign Finance in Mexico,” in Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands, John Bailey and Roy Godson (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000), 85.
5. Manuel Buendía, La CIA en Mexico (Mexico City: Oceano, 1983), 24.
6. John Bailey and Roy Godson, “Introduction,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 24.
7. Peter Dale Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War: The United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 62.
8. Luís Astorga, “Organized Crime and the Organization of Crime,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 61, cf. 67–68.
9. Astorga, “Organized Crime,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 63.
10. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 193.
11. Elias Castillo and Peter Unsinger, “Mexican Drug Syndicates in California,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 200.
12. Also rarely mentioned in the United States until recently was a major Mexican drug trafficker who emerged from the CIA-protected Cuban émigré community: Alberto Sicilia Falcón. Cf. Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 33–34.
13. Andrew Reding, “Mexico under Salinas: A Façade of Reform,” World Policy Journal, Fall 1989, http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/mexico/1989-fall-WPJ
-Salinas.html.
