51. Barry Carr, Marxism and Communism in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 145. (When E. Howard Hunt opened the first CIA office in Mexico City in 1949, he took over [in his own words] “from the slash-and-burn remnants of the FBI office”; interview, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-18/hunt1.html).
52. Luís Astorga, “Organized Crime and the Organization of Crime,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 72, citing U.S. State Department, Confidential Report No. 4543 of the Assistant Military Attaché on the National Security Police of Mexico, September 7, 1947, NARA Record Group 59, 812.105/9-447.
53. El Angelino, edición especial, December 16, 1949; Aguayo Quezada, La Charola, 84. The driver was the nephew of Juan Ramón Gurrola, the number two official and eventual head of the DFS (Luis Astorga, Drogas sin Fronteras [Mexico City: Grijalbo, 2003], 285). Cf. Drew Pearson, Washington Post, February 29, 1948.
54. Aguayo Quezada, La Charola, 84–86.
55. Aguayo Quezada, La Charola, 74–75, quoting (in translation) from CIA, “Mexico,” SR-18, January 24, 1951, 57–58, 69.
56. Marshall, “CIA Assets,” 198, 200; cf. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 34, 86; James Mills, The Underground Empire: Where Crime and Governments Embrace (New York: Dell, 1986), 360–63.
57. Hunt is widely reported to have been CIA station chief in 1950–1951. See, e.g., “E. Howard Hunt,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt; Daily Telegraph (London), January 26, 2007; cf. Washington Post, January 24, 2007, Associated Press obituary for Hunt, St. Petersburg Times, January 24, 2007 (“station chief”). However, the Rockefeller Commission Report, while confirming that Hunt served in the Mexico City CIA Station in 1950–1951, denied that he had ever been CIA station chief or acting station chief. Hunt later clarified that he was in fact in OPC (Howard Hunt, with Greg Aunapu, American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond [Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007], 40). I conclude from the available evidence that he was the OPC station chief.
58. At least six of the OSS agents in Kunming—Paul Helliwell, Howard Hunt, Ray Cline, Lou Conein, John Singlaub, and Mitchell WerBell—went on to develop postwar drug-linked activities for the CIA. See Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 20, 207.
59. See Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 61–62, 198. The chief proprietaries were Sea Supply, Inc., and CAT, Inc. (Civil Air Transport, later Air America).
60. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf, 73.
61. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf, 70–71. Both Hill and Chung were under FBN surveillance, but no case was ever made against either woman.
62. Ed Reid, The Mistress and the Mafia: The Virginia Hill Story (New York: Bantam, 1972), 42.
63. Novedades, May 14, 1962; Astorga, “Organized Crime,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 65.
64. Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, Inside the League (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986), 46–47. For Kodama and drugs, see David Kaplan and Alec Dubro, Yakuza (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1986), 66; Jonathan Marshall, “Opium, Tungsten, and the Search for National Security, 1940–52,” in Drug Control Policy: Essays in Historical and Comparative Perspective, ed. William O. Walker III (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 100–103.
65. Bertil Lintner, Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948 (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999), 134, cf. 234.
66. Jorge Prieto Laurens was one of the politicians whose telephone was tapped by the DFS (Aguayo Quezado, La Charola, 308).
67. Anderson and Anderson, Inside the League, 79; Rogelio Hernández, Zorrilla: El Imperio del Crimen (Mexico City: Editorial Planeta Mexicana, 1989), 26.
