81. “Afghanistan: Drug Industry and Counter-Narcotics Policy,” Report to the World Bank, November 28, 2006, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21133060~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html, emphasis added.
82. London Daily Mail, July 21, 2007.
83. Matthieu Aikins, “The Master of Spin Boldak,” Harper’s, December 2009, http://harpers.org/archive/2009/12/0082754.
84. Independent (London), April 13, 2006; James Nathan, “Ending the Taliban’s Money Stream: U.S. Should Buy Afghanistan’s Opium,” Washington Times, January 8, 2009.
85. Afghanistan News, December 23, 2005, http://www.afghanistannewscenter
.com/news/2005/december/dec232005.html.
86. Independent, March 9, 2009, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/former-warlord-to-fight-karzai-in-afghanistan-polls-1640164.html#mainColumn. When Obama visited Afghanistan in 2008, Gul Agha Sherzai was the first Afghan leader he met. The London Observer reported on July 21, 2002, that in order to secure his acceptance of the new Karzai government, Gul Agha Sherzai, along with other warlords, had “been ‘bought off’ with millions of dollars in deals brokered by US and British intelligence.”
87. Mark Corcoran, Australian Broadcasting Company, 2008, http://www.abc
.net.au/foreign/blog_mark.htm. “In an affidavit in his criminal case, he traced a history of cooperating with U.S. officials, including the CIA, dating to 1990. In early 2002, following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, Noorzai said he turned over to the U.S. military 15 truckloads of Taliban weapons, including “four hundred anti-aircraft missiles of Russian, American and British manufacture” (Tom Burghardt, “The Secret and (Very) Profitable World of Intelligence and Narcotrafficking,” DissidentVoice, January 2, 2009, http://www.dissidentvoice.org/2009/01/the-secret
-and-very-profitable-world-of-intelligence-and-narcotrafficking). Cf. James Risen, State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration (New York: Free Press, 2006), 165–66.
88. USA Today, October 26, 2004. Noorzai was finally arrested in New York in 2005, having come to this country at the invitation of a private intelligence firm, Rosetta Research. The U.S. media reports of his arrest did not point out that Rosetta had failed to supply Noorzai the kind of immunity usually provided by the CIA (Washington Post, December 27, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/
wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/26/AR2008122602099.html; New York Sun, January 29, 2008, http://www.nysun.com/foreign/justice-dept-eyes-us-firms-payments
-to-afghan/70371).
89. Personal communication, December 29, 2009, citing UNODC reports of 2008 and 2009; cf. New York Times, October 22, 2009.
90. Sibel Edmonds and Philip Giraldi, “Found in Translation: FBI Whistleblower Sibel Edmonds Spills Her Secrets,” The American Conservative, January 28, 2008, http://www.amconmag.com/article/2008/jan/28/00012. Others have written about the ties between U.S. intelligence and the Turkish narcointelligence connection; see, e.g., Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 2005), 224–41; Martin A. Lee, “Turkey’s Drug-Terrorism Connection,” ConsortiumNews, January 25, 2008, http://www.consortium
news.com/2008/012408a.html.
91. London Sunday Times, January 6, 2008, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3137695.ece: “‘If you made public all the information that the FBI have on this case, you will see very high-level people going through criminal trials,’ she said.”
92. Risen, State of War, 154.
93. Loretta Napoleoni, Terror Incorporated: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005), 90–97: “While the ISI trained Islamist insurgents and supplied arms, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, several Gulf states and the Taliban funded them. . . . Each month, an estimated 4–6 metric tons of heroin are shipped from Turkey via the Balkans to Western Europe” (90, 96).
94. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, x–xi.
95. International Herald Tribune, January 25, 2009, http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2009/01/25/europe/OUKWD-UK-FINANCIAL-UN-DRUGS.php. Cf. Daily Telegraph (London), January 26, 2009.
96. James Risen, “U.S. to Hunt Down Afghan Lords Tied to Taliban,” New York Times, August 10, 2009: “United States military commanders have told Congress that . . . only those [drug traffickers] providing support to the insurgency would be made targets.”
