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In solitary confinement: Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Edited by Roma Gill. 4th edition. Oxford School Shakespeare. London: Oxford University Press, 2001. For an illuminating treatment of the value of honor and how it plays out in an individual’s sense of morality and action, see: Nisbett, Richard E., and Dov Cohen. Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (New Directions in Social Psychology). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.

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Underground Scholars Initiative: MacFarquhar, Larissa. “Building a Prison-to-School Pipeline.” New Yorker, December 4, 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/the-ex-con-scholars-of-berkeley.

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these unlikely college students: Forty percent of the approximately 2 million incarcerated people in the United States don’t finish high school. About one in eight takes a shot at college, one-fourth the rate of the United States population as a whole.

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we find our moral compass: Jonathan Haidt transformed the study of morality by highlighting how our moral judgments are rooted in emotions like compassion and awe, and in how we communicate about these moral passions with others. Haidt, Jonathan. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108 (2001) 814–34. Haidt, Jonathan. “The Moral Emotions.” In Handbook of Affective Sciences, edited by Richard J. Davidson, Klaus R. Scherer, and H. H. Goldsmith, 852–70. London: Oxford University Press, 2003. Haidt, Jonathan. “The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology.” Science 316 (2007): 998–1002. Greene, Joshua, and Jonathan Haidt. “How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work?” Trends in Cognitive Science 6 (2002): 517–23. Haidt, Jonathan, and Jesse Graham. “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions That Liberals May Not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20 (2007): 98–116.

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“moral law within”: Kant, Immanuel, and John H. Bernard. Kant’s Critique of Judgement. London: Macmillan, 1914.

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health professionals get burned out: Berg, Sara. “Physician Burnout: Which Medical Specialties Feel the Most Stress.” American Medical Association, January 21, 2020. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/physician-health/physician-burnout-which-medical-specialties-feel-most-stress. This survey finds upward of 50 percent of physicians reporting feeling burned out at their work.

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the power of an epiphany: Kim, Sharon. Literary Epiphany in the Novel, 1850–1950: Constellations of the Soul. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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the power of witnessing: Thomson, Andrew L., and Jason T. Siegel. “Elevation: A Review of Scholarship on a Moral and Other-Praising Emotion.” Journal of Positive Psychology 12, no. 6 (2017): 628–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1269184.

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These encounters lead people: Aquino, Karl, Dan Freeman, Americus Reed II, Vivien K. G. Lim, and Will Felps. “Testing a Social Cognitive Model of Moral Behavior: The Interaction of Situational Factors and Moral Identity Centrality.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (2009): 123–41. Johnson, Sara K., et al. “Adolescents’ Character Role Models: Exploring Who Young People Look Up To as Examples of How to Be a Good Person.” Research in Human Development 13 (2016): 126–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2016.1164552.

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