“Once the individuals are gathered”: Alexander, Jeffrey C., and Philip Smith, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Durkheim. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 183.

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Burning Man: Ehrenreich, Barbara. Dancing in the Streets: A History of Collective Joy. New York: Holt, 2007.

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report suffering from loneliness: For a synthesis of statistics like these, see: Murthy, Vivek H. Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World. New York: HarperCollins, 2020.

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This dissolving of our sense: Eisenberger, Naomi I., and Matthew D. Lieberman. “Why Rejection Hurts: A Common Neural Alarm System for Physical and Social Pain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 294–300.

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In his 1912 work: Durkheim, Émile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology. London; New York: G. Allen & Unwin; Macmillan, 1915.

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our social inhibitions: Zimbardo, Philip G. “The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos.” In 1969 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, edited by W. J. Arnold and D. Levine, 237–307. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970.

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Like ocean waves: Fisher, Len. The Perfect Swarm: The Science of Complexity in Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books, 2007. One striking discovery in this new science of moving in unison, or swarms, is how simple it is mathematically. For example, many forms of collective movement—birds in flight, herds of wildebeests running, humans walking in a parade or political march—are explained by a few simple principles: keep your distance constant to those moving in front of you and to the side of you, and orient toward the direction of where the person in front of you is going.

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heavy metal show: Silverberg, Jesse L., Matthew Bierbaum, James P. Sethna, and Itai Cohen. “Collective Motion of Humans in Mosh and Circle Pits at Heavy Metal Concerts.” Physical Review Letters 110 (May 31, 2013): 228701.

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four-month-olds mirror: Bernieri, Frank, and Rachel Rosenthal. “Coordinated Movement in Human Interaction.” In Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior, edited by R. S. Feldman and B. Rime, 401–32. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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As adults, we mirror: Lakin, Jessica, Valerie Jefferis, Clara Cheng, and Tanya Chartrand. “The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 27 (2003): 145–62. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025389814290.

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“porosity” of human bodies: Gay, Ross. The Book of Delights. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2019, 56.

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our biological rhythms synchronize: McClintock, Martha K. “Synchronizing Ovarian and Birth Cycles by Female Pheromones.” In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 3, edited by D. Muller-Schwarze and R. M. Silverstein, 159–78. New York: Plenum Press, 1983.

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Sports fans’ heart rhythms: Maughan, Ronald, and Michael Gleeson. “Heart Rate and Salivary Cortisol Responses in Armchair Football Supporters.” Medicina Sportiva 12, no. 1 (2008): 20–24. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10036-008-0004-z.

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villagers in San Pedro Manrique: Konvalinka, Ivana, Dimitris Xygalatas, Joseph Bulbulia, Uffe Schjødt, Else-Marie Jegindø, Sebastian Wallot, Guy Van Orden, and Andreas Roepstorff. “Synchronized Arousal between Performers and Related Spectators in a Fire-Walking Ritual.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 20 (May 2011): 8514–19. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016955108.

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