world. These goods include timber, fish,
palm oil, and coconut products. The
town’s tourism industry began to grow
in the late 20th century.
Before World War II (1939–45)
Honiara did not exist. It developed
around the U.S. military headquarters
on Guadalcanal. Some of the fiercest
fighting between U.S. and Japanese
forces during the war took place on the
island.
Honiara became the capital of the
Solomon Islands in 1952. In the late
20th and early 21st centuries Honiara
suffered from crime and riots.
..More to explore
Solomon Islands
Honolulu
Population
(2000 census),
city, 371,657;
(2007 estimate)
375,571
Honolulu is the capital of the U.S. state
of Hawaii. The city is located on the
coast of Oahu Island.
Honolulu is Hawaii’s main port. It is
also the state’s center of business and
industry. Factories in the city make food
products, clothing, cement, and many
other goods.
Tourism is also important to Honolulu’s
economy. Many people go to the city to
enjoy its beaches and pleasant climate.
Polynesians from other Pacific islands
settled in Honolulu hundreds of years
ago. In the 1800s Honolulu became
wealthy as a supply port for the whaling
industry. The city became the capital of
Dancers in Honiara wear traditional
clothing during an outdoor
ceremony.
Waikiki is a popular tourist area in Honolulu.
It is especially known for its beach.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Honolulu 79
the kingdom of Hawaii in 1850. In the
1890s Hawaii became a territory of the
United States. Honolulu remained the
capital of Hawaii.
In 1941 Japanese forces bombed a U.S.
naval base at Pearl Harbor, just outside
Honolulu. The United States then
enteredWorldWar II. The U.S. military
built many bases on Oahu. When
Hawaii became a state in 1959 Honolulu
remained the capital.
#More to explore
Hawaii
Hoof
Hooves are hard coverings that protect
the toes of many animals. Hooves are
not feet. They are more like toenails.
Hooves allow animals to walk for long
distances on hard surfaces without damaging
their toes.
Horses, cattle, deer, pigs, sheep, camels,
and other animals have hooves. Some
animals, including horses and zebras,
have a single hoof at the bottom of each
foot. Other animals, including cattle
and rhinoceroses, have separate hooves
covering each toe.
Structure
Hooves are made of a protein called
keratin. Keratin also makes up hair, fingernails,
horns, and feathers. Even
though hooves are hard and tough, they
wear down with use. But like hair,
hooves continue to grow throughout an
animal’s life.
Hooves are not one solid piece. They
grow in layers. Dead cells make up the
hard, outer shell of the hoof. This part
of the hoof, called the hoof wall, supports
the animal’s weight. It also protects
the softer parts of the toe.
Inside the wall of the hoof is a spongy
growth called the frog. The frog acts as a
cushion.Without the frog, an animal’s
leg bones could be damaged by walking
on hard surfaces. The frog also pumps
blood through the hoof as the animal
walks.
The only part of the hoof that grows is
the area where it attaches to the toe. If
the hoof cracks or is damaged, it cannot
grow back together in the same way that
a cut heals. It must grow from the inside
out.
Hoof Protection
Working animals, especially horses, benefit
from having metal shoes attached to
the bottom of their hooves. These horseshoes
protect the hooves from cracks
Horses have one hoof at the end of each
leg. Horseshoes are nailed onto the hoof
wall to protect the hoof.
80 Hoof BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
and too much wear. People nail the
shoes onto the hoof wall. This does not
hurt the horse because the hoof wall is
dead tissue.
#More to explore
Hair • Horn • Horse • Nail and Claw
Hoover, Herbert
In 1929 Herbert Hoover became the
31st president of the United States.
Soon after his election the country sank
into the Great Depression. Hoover had
helped starving people in Europe during
WorldWar I. However, he could not
help the millions of U.S. citizens who
lost their jobs during the depression.
Early Life
Herbert Hoover was born on August 10,
1874, inWest Branch, Iowa. Herbert’s
father, Jesse Clark Hoover, was a blacksmith.
He died when Herbert was 6
years old. Herbert’s mother, Hulda
Minthorn Hoover, died three years later.
After his parents died, Herbert moved to
Newberg, Oregon, to live with his uncle
and aunt.
Career
Hoover graduated from Stanford University
in 1895 with a degree in geology.
He became a mining engineer and
worked in many countries, including
China. In 1899 Hoover married Lou
Henry. The couple had two sons.
Hoover eventually started his own engineering
firm with offices around the
world.
During and after WorldWar I (1914–
18), Hoover headed organizations that
sent food to soldiers and hungry people
in Europe. From 1921 to 1928 Hoover
served as secretary of commerce under
presidentsWarren G. Harding and
Calvin Coolidge. He supported efforts
by workers to improve their conditions.
He also supported major engineering
projects, including the construction of
the Hoover Dam.
Presidency
The Republican Party chose Hoover to
run for president in 1928. He easily
defeated the Democratic candidate,
