Alfred E. Smith. When Hoover took
office, the economy was strong. In
October 1929, however, the stock market
crashed, and the worst depression in
U.S. history began.
Hoover
worked to
relieve hunger
in Europe,
Asia, and
South America
in the 1940s.
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of
the United States.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Hoover, Herbert 81
Hoover quickly asked companies not to
fire workers or cut wages. But many
people had already lost their jobs.
Hoover encouraged state and local governments
to join private charities in caring
for the new poor. He also approved a
program that lent government money to
states, banks, and companies. Hoover
refused to give money directly to citizens,
though. As the Great Depression
worsened, the public began to blame the
president.
Retirement
Hoover ran for reelection in 1932, but
the Democratic candidate, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, won. Hoover disagreed with
the way Roosevelt handled the
depression. He later helped reorganize
several government agencies. Hoover
died in New York City on October 20,
1964.
#More to explore
Great Depression • Roosevelt,
Franklin D. • United States
Hopewell
Culture
The prehistoric Native Americans of the
Hopewell culture lived in east-central
North America between about 200 BC
and AD 500. They lived mainly in what
is now southern Ohio.
The Hopewell Indians are best known
for the earth mounds they built. Like
the Indians of the Adena culture who
came before them, they built large
mounds in which they buried the bodies
of important people. They also created
earthworks in geometric shapes such as
circles, rectangles, and octagons.
The Hopewell Indians lived in villages
along rivers and streams. They built
dome-shaped houses covered with bark,
animal hides, or woven mats. They got
their food by hunting, fishing, and gathering
wild nuts, fruits, seeds, and roots.
August 10, October 29, October 20,
1874 1921 1928 1929 1932 1947–49 1964
Hoover is born
in West
Branch, Iowa.
Hoover
becomes
secretary of
commerce.
Hoover is
elected
president.
The stock
market crashes
and the Great
Depression
begins.
Hoover loses
the presidential
election to
Franklin D.
Roosevelt.
Hoover heads
a group that
reorganizes
U.S.
government
departments.
Hoover dies in
New York City.
T I M E L I N E
82 Hopewell Culture BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
They also grew crops such as corn and
possibly beans and squash.
By about AD 400 the Hopewell culture
began to decline. No one knows for sure
what happened to it. Some scientists
think that a long drought or change in
climate brought about a food shortage.
Others believe that the Hopewell Indians
began to fight each other over farmland
or that they were overwhelmed by
more warlike tribes.
#More to explore
Adena Culture • Mound Builder
• Native Americans
Hopi
The Hopi are one of the Native American
groups known as Pueblo Indians.
Many Hopi live on a reservation in
northeastern Arizona, in the United
States. This land is part of their traditional
homeland. Like the other Pueblo
Indians, the Hopi are descendants of the
Anasazi people. The Anasazi are also
known as the Cliff Dwellers.
The Hopi traditionally lived in homes
made of stone and adobe, or sun-baked
clay. Their houses had flat roofs and
were sometimes several stories high.
They were often joined together in
groups similar to modern apartment
buildings.
The Hopi grew corn, beans, squash,
melons, and other fruits and vegetables.
They also raised sheep. Hopi women
made baskets and fine pottery.
Spanish explorers arrived in Hopi lands
in 1540. In 1680 the Hopi joined other
Pueblo Indians in a revolt against the
Spanish. They drove the Spanish from
their lands for 12 years. The Spanish
reconquered the area in 1692. Later the
land was ruled by Mexico.
The United States took control of the
land in 1848. In 1882 the U.S. government
set up a reservation for the Hopi.
The Hopi reservation is surrounded by
Hopewell Indians shaped objects out of
copper.
Hopi dancers perform at a celebration
in Washington, D.C.
BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Hopi 83
the much larger reservation of the
Navajo. This has led to disagreements
between the Hopi and the Navajo over
land. At the end of the 20th century
there were more than 10,000 Hopi living
in the United States.
#More to explore
Anasazi • Native Americans • Navajo
• Pueblo Indians
Hormone
Just about every living thing made up of
more than one cell produces hormones.
Hormones are chemicals that tell cells
and body parts to do certain things. For
example, hormones tell the body when
to grow and when to stop growing.
In humans and other animals, organs
called glands release hormones into the
blood. Together these glands make up
the endocrine system. Other organs,
such as the stomach and the small intestine,
also release hormones.
Types of Hormones
Plants produce hormones that control
their growth. Plant hormones also cause
flowers and fruit to grow.
Insects make hormones, too. One hormone
causes insects to molt, or shed
their exoskeletons. Others cause metamorphosis
(the change from baby to
adult).
Insects and many other animals release
hormones called pheromones into their
habitats. These pheromones can attract
