12. E. Ginzburg,
13. GARF, 9414/1/1146.
14. Mindlin, p. 61.
15. GARF, 9414/4/145.
16. Bacon, pp. 135–37, 140–41, and 144.
17. GARF, 9414/1/68.
18. Sword pp. 30–36.
19. Ibid., p. 48.
20. Herling, p. 190.
21. Karta, Anders Army Collection, V/AC/127.
22. Karta, Kazimierz Zamorski Collection, Folder 1, File 15885 and Folder 1, File 15882.
23. Herling, p. 228.
24. Waydenfeld, pp. 195–334.
25. Zarod, p. 234.
26. Janusz Wedów, “Powitanie Wodza,” in Taylor-Terlecka, p. 145.
27. Czapski, p. 243.
28. Sword, pp. 60–87.
29.
30. Djilas, p. 114.
31. Kotek and Rigoulot, p. 527.
32. Ibid., pp. 549 and 542.
33. Ibid., pp. 539–43 and 548–56.
34. Ibid., pp. 543–44.
35. Ibid., pp. 544–48; also Andrzej Paczkowski, “Poland, the Enemy Nation,” in Courtois, pp. 363–93.
36. Kotek and Rigoulot, pp. 565–72.
37. Todorov,
38. Ibid., pp. 123–28.
39. Kotek and Rigoulot, p. 559.
40. Naimark,
41. Todorov,
42. Saunders, pp. 1–11; Kotek and Rigoulot, pp. 619–48.
43. Ogawa and Yoon, p. 15.
44. Ibid., p. 3.
45. Alla Startseva and Valerya Korchagina, “Pyongyang Pays Russia with Free Labor,”
22: The Zenith of the Camp–Industrial Complex
1. From
2. E. Ginzburg,
3. See Elena Zubkova,
4. Service,
5. GARF, 9401/1/743 and 9401/2/104.
6. Kokurin and Petrov,
7. Ivanova,
8. Service,
9. Andrew and Gordievsky, p. 341.
10. Ivanova, “Poslevoennye repressii,” p. 256.
11. Ivanova,
12. Operation WRINGER, HQ USAF Record Group 341, Box 1044, Air Intelligence Report 59B-B-5865-B. Records of this debriefing operation are kept in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. I am grateful to Major Tim Falkowski for bringing this story to my attention. The U.S. Air Force considers this story plausible, but has not yet confirmed it for certain.
13. Nikolai Morozov told me this story. Komi Memorial has interviewed the inhabitants of Sedvozh, looking for oral evidence, but has found only one man who has heard the whole story, second-hand. Lyuba Vinogradova found the reference to the Scotsmen at RGVA, but the document itself was missing. RGVA was not willing to provide further information.
14. Bacon, p. 24.
15. Nicolas Werth, “Apogee and Crisis in the Gulag System,” in Courtois, pp. 235–39.
16. Ivanova,
17. E. Ginzburg,
18. Ibid., pp. 290–91.
19. Ibid., p. 291.
20. Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 71.
21. Razgon, p. 220.
22. Ivanova,
23. Ibid., p. 56.
24. Kokurin and Morukov, “Gulag: struktura i kadry,” (part 14),
25. Kuts, p. 195.
26. Bulgakov, interview with the author.
27. Kuts, p. 165.
28. Pechora, interview with the author.
29. Ivanova,
30. Kokurin and Petrov,
31. Kokurin, “Vosstanie v Steplage”; Ivanova,
32. Abramkin and Chesnokova, p. 10.
33. GARF, 9401/1a/270.
34. E. Ginzburg,
35. Abramkin and Chesnokova, pp. 10–11.
36. Zhigulin, pp. 135–37.
37. Buca, pp. 59–61.
38. Georgy Feldgun, unpublished memoir.
39. Sitko, interview with the author.
40. Zhigulin, pp. 135–37.
41. GARF, 9401/1/4240.
42. See, for example, Ilya Golts, “Vorkuta,” in
43. Craveri and Khlevnyuk.
44. Ivanova, “Poslevoennye repressii.”
45. Kokurin and Morukov.
46. Craveri and Khlevnyuk, p. 186.
47. Ivanova,
48. Ivanova, “Poslevoennye repressii,” p. 272.
49. Craveri and Khlevnyuk, p. 183.
50. Craveri.
51. Nicolas Werth, “Apogee and Crisis in the Gulag System,” in Courtois, pp. 239–40.
52. Craveri and Khlevnyuk, p. 183.
53. Ivanova,
54. See, for example, Klein,
55. Berdinskikh, p. 56.
56. Craveri and Khlevnyuk, p. 185.
57. Ibid., p. 186.
58. Knight,
59. Naumov and Rubinstein, pp. 61–62.
60. Ibid., p. 62.
61. Adamova-Sliozberg, p. 79.
62. Filshtinsky, p. 114.
23: The Death of Stalin
1. Quoted in Conquest,
2. Aleksandrovich, p. 57.
3. Ulyanovskaya, p. 280.
4. Andreeva, interview with the author.
