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The head of a defeated usurper in a triumphal procession in Byzantium of 10th—12th centuries as an element of performance
Abstract. This article focuses on the performative aspect of the display of the severed head of a usurper during triumphal processions. According to Byzantine views, in the struggle between the reigning emperor and the usurpers, the reigning emperor acted lawfully and justly, defending the divinely established legal system, while the opposing usurper illegally and unjustly sought to change this legal system. It is from this perspective that usurpers should be viewed in the eyes of the reigning emperors as violators of the divine and therefore enemies of the empire. Therefore, they should be treated as enemies. The examples presented support the idea that cases of extreme violence were staged and display many characteristics that we might describe as forms of performance closely associated with imperial ritual, rituals of war, and public entertainment. The display of heads fit well within the framework of such a ritualized spectacle and corresponded to certain ethical principles. The head had to be won as a trophy of victory in battle. A triumphal procession was only permitted in cases where the usurper in question had been defeated in battle.
Key words: Byzantine Empire, triumphal procession, ideology of imperial power, civil war, usurpation, spectacle
Maxim Anatoljevich Morozov, Doctor of History, Senior Librarian of the Gogol’s Scientific Library, Saint Petersburg State University (199034, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9)
<p>Конунг Сверрир. Быть королем, или о социальной ответственности руководителя</p>С.Ю. Агишев
