143 Sommer, “’Stop the Steal’ Organizer in Hiding.”
144 Derek Hawkins, Sarah Ellison, and Blair Guild, “What Tucker Carlson Said About Trump in Private Texts vs. on Fox News,” Washington Post, March 9, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2023/03/09/tucker-carlson-trump-texts-fox-news.
145 Brian Fung, “Parler Has Now Been Booted by Amazon, Apple and Google,” CNN Business, January 9, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/09/tech/parler-suspended-apple-app-store/index.html.
146 Alexander posted this to his Telegram channel on October 30, 2022, following the election; the post can be found at https://t.me/alialexander/5435.
147 “Post-election Lawsuits Related to the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election,” Wikipedia, November 28, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election.
148 Jennifer Agiest and Ariel Edwards-Levy, “CNN Poll: Most Republicans Care More About Picking a 2024 GOP Nominee Who Agrees with Them on Issues Than One Who Can Beat Biden,” CNN Politics, March 14, 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/14/politics/cnn-poll-republicans-2024-nominee/index.html.
149 Ryan Quinn, “Conservatives Sue, Investigate Disinformation Researchers,” Inside Higher Ed, June 23, 2023, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/research/2023/06/23/stanford-u-wash-faculty-fought-disinformation-got-sued; Nix and Menn, “These Academics Studied Falsehoods Spread by Trump.”
150 “Addressing False Claims and Misperceptions of the UW Center for an Informed Public’s Research,” Center for an Informed Public, March 16, 2023, https://www.cip.uw.edu/2023/03/16/uw-cip-election-integrity-partnership-research-claims.
CHAPTER 6: AGENTS OF INFLUENCE
1 Matt Kodama, “#ColumbianChemicals Hoax: Trolling the Gulf Coast for Deceptive Patterns,” Recorded Future blog, June 12, 2015, https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/columbianchemicals-hoax-analysis.
2 Adrian Chen, “The Agency,” New York Times, June 2, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html.
3 John Borthwick, “Media Hacking,” Medium, March 7, 2015, https://render.betaworks.com/media-hacking-3b1e350d619c.
4 Kodama, “#ColumbianChemicals Hoax.”
5 Borthwick, “Media Hacking.”
6 Chen, “The Agency.”
7 Haley Ott, Kerry Breen, and Duarte Dias, “What Is the Wagner Group, and Who Is Yevgeny Prigozhin? What to Know About the Russian Private Military Company,” CBS News, August 24, 2023, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wagner-group-who-is-yevgeny-prigozhin-russia-mercenary-private-military-company.
8 Associated Press, “A Russian Businessman Linked to Putin Admits to U.S. Election Meddling,” NPR, November 7, 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/11/07/1134878028/yevgeny-prigozhin-russia-election-interference-putin.
9 “Amid Infighting Among Putin’s Lieutenants, Head of Mercenary Force Appears to Take a Step Too Far,” AP News, June 23, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/putin-russia-ukraine-war-prigozhin-infighting-0e051f0a43522f57ef1810a8b03f6e62.
10 Patrick Smith, “Prigozhin Dismissed Security Fears Days Before Plane Crash, Video Appears to Show,” NBC News, August 31, 2023, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/prigozhin-dismissed-security-fears-days-plane-crash-video-appears-show-rcna102699.
11 Nicholas J. Cull, “Master of American Propaganda: How George Creel Sold the Great War to America, and America to the World,” PBS, accessed September 7, 2023, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/the-great-war-master-of-american-propaganda. Bernays worked alongside award-winning storytellers, artists, and advertisers, as well as national celebrities and around seventy-five thousand local citizens, who were prepped with pro-war talking points to deliver in presentations at community centers.
12 Thomas Rid, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (London: Profile Books Ltd., 2020).
13 Jacques Ellul, Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes (New York: Vintage Books, 1973).
14 Renée DiResta and Joshua Goldstein, “Full-Spectrum Propaganda in the Social Media Era,” working paper currently under review. Available at http://reneediresta.com/fullspectrumpropaganda.pdf.
15 Philip N. Howard, “Why Governments Use Broadcast TV and Dissidents Use Twitter,” The Atlantic, June 14, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/why-governments-use-broadcast-tv-and-dissidents-use-twitter/276896.
16 In their study of the Tahrir Square protests, Zeynep Tufekci and Christopher Wilson found that Facebook and other social media platforms were critical to driving protest participation and spreading information that was not controlled by politicians. Zeynep Tufekci and Christopher Wilson, “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahrir Square,” Journal of Communication 62, no. 2 (March 6, 2012): 363–379, https://doi.org/1460-2466.2012.01629.
