RENDEZVOUS 37 Branching order and divergence dates of major eukaryote groups uncertain (hence polytomy shown). Ribosomal RNA studies erroneously place different groups as early branching lineages due to long branch attraction; amended frees only able to place eukaryotic branches far from the Archaea , implying much later divergence than Rendezvous 38: dates of Rendezvous 37-39 estimated to nearest 500 My.
RENDEZVOUS 38 Rendezvous date uncertain; molecular clock data suggests roughly 2 billion years ago . Divergence dates and (conventional) phylogeny estimated from rRNA studies .
RENDEZVOUS 39 Tree inherently difficult to root because there is no outgroup, and changes in mutation rate along different lineages obscure the 'centre' of the tree, It is often rooted between Archaea and Eubacteria (cross A), but other possibilities exist (cross B), , and so is presented unrooted. Changes in rooting will affect overall branch lengths, so these cannot truly represent time and are thus somewhat arbitrary. Eubacterial phylogeny based on robust biochemical characteristics (e.g. cell wall glycoproteins) and rare genomic events (e.g. indels) ; rRNA trees can have long branch attraction problems, but indicate that the divergences within the bacteria are deep . Bacterial DNA exchange problematic for building a single tree, unless a core of unswapped genes exists .
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