Soldaten полностью

118. Ernst Jünger, Kriegstagebuch, 1914–1918, Helmuth Kiesel, ed. (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2010), p. 222.

119. SRA 4212, 17 July 1943, TNA, WO 208/4130.

120. For background on the activities of German destroyers in the Bay of Biscay, which led to the death of Leslie Howard on 1 June 1943, see Neitzel, Einsatz der deutschen Luftwaffe, pp. 193–203.

121. SRX 2080, 7 January 1945, TNA, WO 208/4164.

122. SRX 179, 13 March 1941, TNA, WO 208/4158.

123. Room Conversation, Kneipp–Kerle, 22 October 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 498.

124. SRN 2023, 28 July 1943, TNA, WO 208/4146. There is no way of reconstructing what the navy private is referring to.

125. SRN 1758, 6 May 1943, TNA, WO 208/4145.

126. SRN 322, 15 May 1941, TNA, WO 208/4142.

127. SRX 120, 23 July 1940, TNA, WO 208/4158. Scheringer refers here to the attack on Convoy OA 175 on 1 July 1940. On his final mission, he hit four ships weighing some 16,000 gross tons.

128. Michael Salewski, Die deutsche Seekriegsleitung, Vol. 2 (Munich: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1975); Werner Rahn et al., Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Vol. 6 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1990).

129. SRN 626, 9 August 1941, TNA, WO 208/4143.

130. SRX 34, 10 February 1940, TNA, WO 208/4158.

131. KTB SKl, Teil A, 6 January 1940, S. 37, BA-MA, RM 7/8.

132. SRX 34, 10 February 1940, TNA, WO 208/4158.

133. Stephen W. Roskill, Royal Navy: Britische Seekriegsgeschichte, 1939–1945 (Hamburg: Stalling, 1961), p. 402ff.

134. See, e.g., Roger Chickering and Stig Förster, “Are We There Yet? World War II and the Theory of Total War,” in A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945, Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, and Bernd Greiner, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 1–18.

135. For more information and an international comparison, see Stig Förster, ed., An der Schwelle zum Totalen Krieg: Die militärische Debatte über den Krieg der Zukunft, 1919–1939 (Paderborn: Schoeningh Verlag, 2002).

136. See also Adam Roberts, “Land Warfare: From Hague to Nuremberg,” in The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World, Michael Howard, George J. Andresopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman, eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 116–39.

137. Cited in Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing (London: Granta Books, 1999), p. 182.

138. SRGG 560, 14 November 1943, TNA, WO 208/4167.

139. Directly after World War II, two American international law experts acknowledged that only “political and military, rather than legal, considerations” could have held back the German occupying forces. See Lester Nurick and Roger W. Barrett, “Legality of Guerrilla Forces Under the Laws of War,” American Journal of International Law 40 (1946), pp. 563–83. This statement is all the more telling since it came directly after the war from lawyers who were also members of the U.S. Army with little reason to sympathize with the Third Reich. We owe this reference to Klaus Schmider, Sandhurst.

140. On this discussion, see Lieb, Konventioneller Krieg, pp. 253–57. See also Jörn Axel Kämmerer, “Kriegsrepressalie oder Kriegsverbrechen? Zur rechtlichen Beurteilung der Massenexekutionen von Zivilisten durch die deutsche Besatzungsmacht im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” Archiv des Völkerrechts 37 (1999), pp. 283–317.

141. SRA 3444, 28 December 1942, TNA, WO 208/4128.

142. Harry Hoppe (11 February 1894–23 August 1969), commander of Infantry Regiment 424 of the 126th Infantry Division, received the Knight’s Cross on 12 September 1941 for the conquest of Schlüsselburg.

143. Room Conversation, Kneipp–Kehrle, 23 October 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 498. Franz Kneipp was apparently deployed in 1941 with the SS Police Division. Eberhard Kerle was a radio operator. We know little more about him.

144. Ibid.

145. SRA 818, 25 October 1940, TNA, WO 208/4120.

146. SRA 4758, 24 December 1943, TNA, WO 208/4132.

147. SRA 5643, 13 October 1944, TNA, WO 208/4135.

148. Welzer, Täter, p. 161.

149. Herbert Jäger, Verbrechen unter totalitärer Herrschaft: Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Gewaltkriminalität (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1982).

150. SRX 2056, 14 November 1944, TNA, WO 208/4164.

151. SRA 5628, 28 September 1944, TNA, WO 208/4135.

152. SRA 5454, 8 July 1944, TNA, WO 208/4134.

153. SRX 2072, 19 December 1944, TNA, WO 208/4164.