357. “Iurii Zhdanov, vtoroi muzh docheri ‘otsa narodov’: ia znal Stalina s 15 let,” Komsmol’skaia pravda, Jan. 10, 2007.
358. Rybin, Stalin v oktiabre, 9. Kirov had been in Stalin’s office July 25, 26, and 27: Na prieme, 138.
359. Similarly, Kirov complained in a letter to a minion in Leningrad, “By the whim of fate I’ve ended up in Sochi, and I’m unhappy about it. The heat here is not tropical but hellish.” Kirilina, Neizvestnyi Kirov, 141 (citing Kirov Museum, f. III-414), 324–8 (TsPA, f. 80, op. 26, d. 68, l. 1, 4–4, ob. 7).
360. Andreev, Vospominaniia, pis’ma, 294.
361. Stalin also noted that foreign currency had to be conserved. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 462 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 84, l. 20–20ob.).
362. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 455 (RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 100, l. 61–6), 465 (f. 558, op. 11, d. 84, l. 23–23ob.), 473–6 (d. 742, l. 75–84). Stalin demanded additional grain levies from the harvest, in the form of purchases (zakupki) at low prices, beyond the obligatory quotas. But grain exports in 1934 were a mere 800,000 tons, less than half the much reduced 1933 amount. Baykov, Soviet Foreign Trade, appendix, table IV. The NKVD was ordered to take charge of grain elevators and grain collection points as of July 27, 1934.
363. RGASPI, f. 558 op. 1, d. 3155; Kvashonkin, Sovetskoe rukovodstvo, 245–9 (RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 419, l. 55–7: Goloshchokin, Aug. 4, 1933); Kirilina, Neizvestny Kirov, 328 (LPA, f. 24, op. 2–v, d. 936, l. 94: Sveshnikov to Agranov, Dec. 16, 1934), 331–2 (RGASPI, f. 80, op. 18, d, 67, l. 67–9; d. 137, l. 1–2). Kirov was in Kazkahstan Sept. 6–29. Pazi, Nash Mironych, 449.
364. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 479 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 85, l. 44–5: Sept. 12, 1934), 479–80 (f. 81, op. 3, d. 100, l. 76–82: to Kaganovich, Zhdanov, Molotov, Kuibyshev—but not Kirov, Sept. 13).
365. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei, 687–96. See also Struve, “Pan-Soviet Literary Congress.” Garrard, Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union.
366. Antipina, Povsednevnaia zhizn’, 27.
367. Maksimenkov, “Ocherki nomenklaturnoi istorii sovetskoi literatury,” 247 (Pavel Yudin, Aug. 15, 1934).
368. “K 40-letiiu Pervogo vsesoiuznogo s”ezda,” Voprosy literatury, 1974, no. 8: at 14 (Valery Kirpotin).
369. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei, 1, 5–18. One bitter witness would recall that Gorky just stopped reading his own text partway through. Kochin, Spelye kolos’ia, 299. See also Baranov, “‘Nado prekoslovit!’”
370. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei, 20–38, 291–318, 416–20.
371. Kuz’min, Dnevnik 1934 g., 95 (Aug. 30, 1934).
372. Zhdanov thought that party-member writers spoke less brightly than the non-party, and noted to Stalin that Gorky thought the party-member writers had no authority whatsoever in the writers’ milieu. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 230–1 (RGASPI, f. 77, op. 3, d. 112, l. 2–8).
373. Babel added: “Since everything is done artificially, under the stick, the congress is proceeding deathlike, like a tsar’s parade, and no one abroad will believe in this tsar’s parade.” Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 232–4 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 1, d. 56, l. 185–89). The non-party loyalist Ilya Ehrenburg would later deem the gathering “a great and marvelous festival.” Ehrenburg, Men, Years—Life, IV: 40. Rozhkov, who was not a delegate to the congress, published an essay collection on the value of romanticism right at this time: Nuzhna li nam romantika? (Moscow: Sovetskaia literatura, 1934). Stalin evidently took an interest in Rozhkov’s ideas. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 412–3 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 793, l. 95: Radek to Poskryobyshev, April 10, 1936).
374. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei, 74–103; Zhgenti, “S”ezd velikogo edineniia,” 53; Fleishman, Pasternak v tridtsatye gody, 201–2. Toroshelidze’s report was published in the press the next day with a front-page photograph of the Georgian delegation accompanied by Pasternak (known for his translations from Georgian). Literaturnaia gazeta, Aug. 21, 1934. One scholar has asserted that, as a minority, “Ukrainian writers lost more than their Russian colleagues.” Luckyj, Literary Politics, 203.
375. Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei, 286–7 (as translated by Olyesha).
