391. Mindlin, Neobyknovennye sobesedniki, 429.
392. Conformism was rampant but with a culture this vast, various tendencies inevitably vied with each other. Schlögel, Terror und Traum, 30–1.
393. Stalin commented that he had liked Radek’s speech but not Gorky’s. Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 461–2 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 84, l. 53; d. 50, l. 49), 465–6 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 84, l. 42–42ob.), 466n3 (f. 17, op. 3, d. 951, l. 28: Sept. 1, 1934).
394. Ponomarev, Aleksandr Shcherbakov, 18.
395. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 329–32 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 1494, l. 13ob.–18ob.).
396. Chukovskii, Dnevnik, 140 (April 10, 1936).
397. Jelagin, Taming of the Arts, 114.
398. Mirskii, Istoriia russkoi literatury, 794.
399. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 340–1 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 730, l. 18–20, 17: Sept. 6, 1934). An abridged version of Bukharin’s speech to the congress was published in Pravda (Aug. 30, 1934); his closing speech was also published (Sept. 3). Gorky’s closing speech was likewise published in Pravda (Sept. 2). Zhdanov had written another report to Stalin on the Writers Congress, Sept. 3, 1934. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 332–8 (RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 730, l. 2–16).
400. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 236–8 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 951, l. 28–30).
401. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 238–50 (TsA FSB, f. 3, op. 1, d. 56, l. 70–93).
402. Ivanov-Razumnik, Neizdannyi Shchedrin; RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3, d. 231, s. 301–2; Gromov, Stalin, 161–2.
403. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’, 170–1 (APRF, f. 3, op. 34, d. 186, l. 213–5: March 1932).
404. Jelagin, Taming of the Arts, 73.
405. Bykov, Boris Pasternak, 491.
406. For an analysis of the reader under the Stalin dictatorship, see Dobrenko, Formovka Sovetskogo chitatelia.
407. Maksimenkov, Bol’shaia tsenzura, 338–40 (RGASPI, f. 58, op. 11, d. 729, l. 52–65: Sept. 5, 1934). The Sukharyov Tower in Moscow had also been demolished, despite vehement opposition from scholars. “We cannot deal with a single decrepit little church without a protest being delivered,” Kaganovich complained. “K istorii snosa Sukharevskoi bashni,” 109–16.
CHAPTER 4. TERRORISM
1. The other task: “The mood of the masses regarding the revolutionary movement in Spain.” Kozlova, Sovetskie liudi, 232 (citing the Memorial archive, TsDNA, f. 30, d. 12, l. 64–5: Stepan Polubny, b. 1914).
2. Zolotarev et al., Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina 1941–1945 gg., I: 9; Grechko et al., Istoriia Vtoroi mirovoi voiny, I: 214; Kirshner and Novikov, Kanun i nachalo voiny, 29; Mel’tiukhov, Upushchennyi shans Stalina, 358.
3. Włodarkiewicz, Przed 17 wrzśenia 1939 roku, 132; Habeck, Storm of Steel, 214–5 (citing RGVA, f. 4, op. 18, d. 51: “Stenograficheskii otchet zasedanie Voennogo Soveta pri NKO Soiuza SSR 10–12 dekabria 1934 g.: ob itogakh boevoi podgotovki 1934 i zadachakh na 1935 g.”).
4. E.g.: Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 477 (RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 100, l. 72–5: Sept. 6), 479 (f. 558, op. 11, d. 85, l. 44–5: Sept. 12), 479–80 (f. 81, op. 3, d. 100, l. 76–82: Sept. 13), 483–4 (f. 558, op. 11, d. 742, l. 85–9: Sept. 16).
5. By late July 1934, Stalin had shaved the list of Soviet conditions for joining the League of Nations down to a mere seat on its Council. Adibekov et al., Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b) i Evropa, 313 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 16, l. 119); DVP SSSR, XVII: 479 (Litvinov to Rosenberg, July 14, 1934); DDF, 1e série, VII: 5 (Barthou to Payart, July 27, 1934).
6. Haslam, Struggle for Collective Security, 59.
7. Adibekov et al., Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b) i Evropa, 315–6 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 17, l. 49); RGASPI, f. 558, op. 11, d. 85, l. 26, 31–32ob.
8. The invitation was portrayed as coming from France, just as the Soviets had insisted. Poland demanded that Moscow declare that all bilateral agreements with Warsaw remained inviolable. Dokumenty i materialy po istorii sovetsko-pol’skikh otnoshenii, VI: 220–1, 225; DDF, 1e série, VII: 406–7; Beck, Final Report, 65; Khlevniuk et al., Stalin i Kaganovich, 483 (RGASPI, f. 558, p. 11, d. 85, l. 48, 61: Sept. 16). Thirty-nine member countries voted yes, three voted no (Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland), and seven abstained.
