194. Golubev, “Nash tovarisch”; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, 445n3. Maclean would deliver his first purloined secret file in Jan. 1936 (about secret negotiations between Britain and Nazi Germany over an airforce agreement). The Soviets soon were able to discern that the British had an agent in the foreign affairs commissariat and in Willi Münzenberg’s circle. Maclean would also discover, through correspondence, the home address of Vernon Kell, the head of the secret MI5, allowing the Soviets to establish surveillance on the residence. See Primakov, Ocherki, III: 40–9. An alleged Polish agent who worked in Molotov’s secretariat, who passed on evaluations of Soviet brass, was never discovered. Dzanovich, Organy, 723n54, citing TsA FSB, f. 1, op. 9, d. 19, l. 339–400.
195. Shearer, Policing Stalin’s Socialism, 136–7. The special departments were particularly busy hauling in soldiers for counterrevolutionary utterances in relation to the Kirov murder. Suvenirov, Tragediia, 27; Whitewood, Red Army and the Great Terror, 170 (citing RGVA, f. 37837, op. 10, d. 26, l. 289, 194–6). In March 1935, the NKVD instructed an agent in Germany to investigate the links between Tukhachevsky and the Wehrmacht high command. “M. N. Tukachevskii i ‘voenno-fashistskii zagovor’,” 11.
196. Artizov et al., Reabilitatsiia: kak eto bylo, II: 735: Dec. 13, 1934); Gamarnik had managed, during the push for socialist legality, to obtain a ruling whereby the OGPU could summon army personnel for interrogation only with the agreement of the unit’s commissar. Khaustov et al., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK, 524 (RGASPI, f. 17, op. 162, d. 16, l. 66: May 26, 1934).
197. Dokumenty i materialy po istorii sovetsko-pol’skikh otnoshenii, VI: 249–250 (AAN, d. AMSZ, Poselstwo RP, Berlin); Roos, Polen und Europa, 208–12; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, I: 193 (citing Bundesarchiv, Papers of General Beck, H 08–28/1, f. 54: Schindler to Blomberg, Feb. 22, 1935); Mikhutina, Sovetsko-pol’skie otnosheniia, 239–41, citing Diariusz i teki Jana Szembeka, 1935–1945, 2 vols. (London: Polish Research Centre/Orbis, 1964–6), I: 217–25, 230; Wojciechowski, Stosunki polsko-niemieckie, 243–4; and Beck, Final Report, 27–31. See also Weinberg, Foreign Policy, I: 204.
198. “General Goering to Visit Poland,” “General Goering’s Secret Visit to Warsaw,” and “Conscription in Germany,” Manchester Guardian, Jan. 25, 28, and 29, 1935, respectively; “General Goering in Warsaw,” The Times, Jan. 28, 1935; Izvestiia, Feb. 14, 1935. See also Harris, “Encircled by Enemies,” 539 (citing AVP RF f. 05, op. 15, pap. 109, d. 67, l. 5: Göring with Bek).
199. Bobylev et al., Sovetskie Vooruzhennye Sily, 143 (no citation). In 1933, the actual figure for military expenditures had been 4.299 billion, versus the published 1.421 billion rubles (hence Tukhachevsky’s claims of fourfold increase in one year). Harrison and Davies, “Soviet Military-Economic Effort,” 369–70.
200. Barmine, One Who Survived, 221 (confirmed in the Pravda account).
201. Erickson, Soviet High Command, 381; Berson, Kreml na biało, 49. On Feb. 23, 1935, Red Star published a photomontage of five military portraits: Tukhachevsky occupied third position, after Voroshilov and Gamarnik, ahead of Yakir and Uborevičius.
202. Iurii Domobrovskii, in Literaturnaia gazeta, Aug. 22, 1990: 6; Larina, Nezabyvaemoe, 270.
203. Zhavaronkov, “I snitsia noch’iu den’,” 52; Pavliukov, Ezhov, 335–6 (citing Aleksander Fadeev, “Nikolai Ivanovich Ezhov”).
204. Encountering Yezhov in spring 1930 at a government resort in Sukhum on the Black Sea coast, Nadezhda Mandelstam, wife of the poet Osip, found him “a modest and rather agreeable person.” Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, 321–5.
205. Razgon, Plen v svoem otechestve, 50–1.
206. On Yezhov’s remarkable workload, see Pavliukov, Ezhov, 96 (citing RGASPI, f. 17m, op. 114, d. 298, l. 1–5; d. 300, l. 8–11).
207. “Blizhaishee okruzhene diktatora,” Sotsialisticheskii vestnik, 1933, no. 23: 8–9. Yezhov suspected the essay’s source was Pyatakov, first deputy commissar of heavy industry, who had traveled to Berlin in late 1932. Pyatakov was Yezhov’s old drinking buddy. (Once, after Pyatakov, inebriated, had pricked him with a pin, Yezhov had punched in the face.) Pavliukov, Ezhov, 99–100; Petrov and Jansen, Stalinskii pitomets, 29–30.
